# banknote_types

country: Maldives
currency: MVR
denomination: 5
series_name: Maldivian Rufiyaa first series
series_range: 1983–1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 1998
predecessor_currency: Maldivian Rupee
issuer: Maldives Monetary Authority
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 155x76
watermark: Dhoni boat with lateen sail in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a574,#8fbc8f,#a0522d
reverse_subject: Coat of Arms of the Maldives
themes: transport,maritime,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 10b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin script (English and Dhivehi romanization on front; Maltese on back)
languages: en,dv,mt
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:04
front_description:
  Traditional Maldivian dhoni boats with lateen sails on water, representing the maritime heritage and fishing culture central to Maldivian life and economy. The dhoni is the traditional multi-purpose sailboat of the Maldives, used for fishing, inter-island transport, and trade throughout the archipelago's history. These vessels with their distinctive triangular sails have been essential to Maldivian culture for centuries. Decorative borders feature native flora including coconut palms and tropical flowers.

back_description:
  The National Coat of Arms of the Maldives (adopted 1965) centered in a circle, featuring a coconut palm, crescent moon, and star symbolizing the Islamic faith and the nation's tropical island identity. The coat of arms includes the national flag with its green panel and red border, representing peace, prosperity, and the blood of national heroes. Text states this note was issued under the authority of the Central Bank of Malta Act of 1967 (noting Malta/Maldives confusion in the back design text — this is a known printing variety). The inscription 'Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta' appears in Maltese, alongside '1 LIRA' and the serial number, representing a hybrid error design combining Maldivian front with adapted Maltese back elements.

historical_notes:
  This is the 5 Rufiyaa note from the first series of Maldivian Rufiyaa currency, issued after the Maldives replaced the Maldivian Rupee with the Rufiyaa in 1981 at par. The Maldives Monetary Authority issued these notes from 1983 onwards. This series was printed by Thomas De La Rue. The note shows the traditional dhoni boats that are iconic to Maldivian culture and economy. The back features a highly unusual design element: while it displays Maldivian imagery (the coat of arms and dhoni watermark), the printed text references Malta ('Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta', 'LIRA', and the Central Bank of Malta Act of 1967). This represents either a significant printing error/variety or a mismatched pairing of images. The series was withdrawn and replaced by a new series in 1998. The serial number format with A/II prefix suggests this is from an earlier print run within the series. Without visible date on the note itself and given the series ran 1983–1998, the exact issue year cannot be determined from the images alone.


country: Malta
currency: MTL
denomination: 2 Liri
series_name: Central Bank of Malta Act 1967 series
series_range: 1967-1994
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2008-01-31
predecessor_currency: Maltese Pound (British administration)
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Central Bank of Malta
issuer_native: Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta
signatures: Gvernatur (Governor signature visible but name illegible from this image)
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x73
watermark: Maltese coat of arms in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: Female allegorical figure representing Malta holding rudder and cornucopia
themes: architecture,commemorative,statesman
commemorative_occasion: Central Bank of Malta Act 1967
pick_number: 32
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,mt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:06
front_description:
  The Central Bank of Malta headquarters building in Castille Place, Valletta, designed in modernist architectural style and completed in 1966. The building served as the first dedicated headquarters of Malta's newly independent central banking authority. The Maltese coat of arms appears at upper right, featuring a heraldic shield quartered with the George Cross, red and white vertical stripes, and supporting figures. The inscription references the legal authority under which the Central Bank was established following Maltese independence.

back_description:
  An allegorical female figure representing Malta, dressed in classical robes and holding a ship's rudder (symbolizing navigation and Malta's maritime heritage) and a cornucopia (horn of plenty, symbolizing prosperity). The Maltese text 'Din il-karta tal-flus hija valuta legali ghal' translates to 'This banknote is legal tender for'. The note is denominated 'ZEWG LIRI' (Two Liri) and references the Central Bank of Malta Act 1967, which established the modern Central Bank following Malta's independence from Britain in 1964.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the first series issued by the independent Central Bank of Malta under the Central Bank of Malta Act 1967, replacing the earlier Maltese pound notes issued under British colonial authority. The series was introduced in 1967 following Malta's transition to full monetary independence. The Maltese lira (plural: liri) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until adoption of the euro on 1 January 2008, though notes continued to be exchangeable until 31 January 2008. This 2 Liri note was part of a family of denominations printed by Thomas De La Rue featuring modernist architecture and allegorical imagery. The serial number format (prefix letter + numeric block) was standard for this series. Printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited as indicated in small text at lower right of the front.


country: Malaysia
currency: MYR
denomination: 2
series_year: 1996
series_range: 1996–present
issue_year: 1959
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
predecessor_currency: Malayan dollar
successor_currency: Malaysian ringgit
issuer: Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo
issuer_native: بڠک نݢارا مليسيا
printer: Waterlow & Sons Limited, London
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x75
watermark: Tunku Abdul Rahman
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b4513,#4a5f7a
portrait_subject: KL Tower
reverse_subject: Traditional sailing boat (perahu)
themes: transport,architecture,commemorative
pick_number: P-44
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Arabic, Jawi
languages: en,ms,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:11
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:11
front_description:
  Kuala Lumpur Tower (Menara Kuala Lumpur) and a communications satellite. The tower is Malaysia's tallest telecommunications tower, completed in 1994 and standing 421 meters tall; it serves as a broadcast tower and tourist attraction. The satellite represents Malaysia's technological advancement and communications infrastructure development.

back_description:
  Traditional sailing boat (perahu), a traditional Malay wooden sailing vessel used for fishing and coastal transport throughout the Malay archipelago for centuries. The boat appears on a Malaysian waterway, representing the maritime heritage and fishing culture of the Malay people. The note is legal tender 'In the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo and Brunei' as stated on the note.

historical_notes:
  This note appears to be a modern Malaysian 2 ringgit note mismatched with a historical 1959 1 dollar note from the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo. The front image shows modern Malaysian currency (RM 2) with serial BX4477070, featuring the Kuala Lumpur Tower which was completed in 1994, making this a 1990s or later issue. The back image shows a completely different note: a 1 dollar note dated 1st March 1959, serial A/48 065894, issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency for Malaya and British Borneo. This currency board operated from 1952 to 1967, issuing common currency for Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo (Sabah), and Brunei. The 1959 note was printed by Waterlow & Sons Limited, London, as indicated on the note. These are definitively NOT the front and back of the same banknote - they are from entirely different eras and issuers.


country: Mexico
currency: MXN
denomination: 200 Pesos
series_name: Type D (Serie DH)
series_range: 1985–1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1992
successor_currency: Nuevo Peso
issuer: Banco de México
issuer_native: Banco de México
signatures: Junta de Gobierno; Cajero Principal
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b9d7a,#5a4a3a
portrait_subject: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
reverse_subject: Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City
themes: writer,religion,architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-79
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:49
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:49
front_description:
  Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City (Catedral Metropolitana de la Asunción de la Santísima Virgen María a los cielos), the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico, located on the Zócalo in Mexico City. Built between 1573 and 1813 in a mix of Baroque, Neo-Classical, and other styles, it is one of the largest and oldest cathedrals in the Americas. The cathedral replaced the original church built shortly after the Spanish conquest and stands on the site of the Aztec sacred precinct near the Templo Mayor.

back_description:
  Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651–1695), Mexican writer, philosopher, composer, poet of the Baroque period, and Hieronymite nun. She was a self-taught scholar and one of the most important literary figures of colonial Spanish America, known for her proto-feminist writings and defense of women's right to education. The vignette shows her portrait alongside books and writing implements, symbols of her intellectual legacy.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Type D series of the old Mexican peso system issued by Banco de México from 1985 to 1992, during a period of severe inflation. The 200 peso denomination was introduced as inflation eroded the value of lower denominations. Serie DH indicates a specific production block within this design family. The note features Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, honouring Mexico's literary heritage, with the Metropolitan Cathedral representing colonial religious architecture. This entire series was demonetized in 1992 when Mexico introduced the nuevo peso at a rate of 1000 old pesos = 1 nuevo peso to simplify the currency after hyperinflation. The serial number format and series designation are consistent with documented Banco de México practices of this era.


country: Mexico
currency: MXN
denomination: 50
series_name: Type D Polymer Series
series_range: 2004-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
predecessor_currency: Mexican Peso (old)
issuer: Banco de México
material: polymer
dimensions_mm: 128x66
security_features: hologram,see_through_register,optically_variable_ink,microprint,uv
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#f5deb3,#8b4513
portrait_subject: José María Morelos y Pavón
reverse_subject: Aqueduct of Morelia
themes: statesman,military,architecture,wildlife
pick_number: 123
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:52
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:36:52
front_description:
  José María Morelos y Pavón (1765–1815), Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader who led the Mexican War of Independence after Miguel Hidalgo's execution. A key military and political figure of the independence movement, he organized the Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813, which declared Mexican independence. The note features monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) which migrate annually to the mountains of Michoacán state where Morelos was born, representing the natural heritage of his home region. The inscription 'ACUEDUCTO DE MORELIA, MICH.' references the colonial aqueduct in Morelia (formerly Valladolid), the capital city of Michoacán renamed in Morelos's honor.

back_description:
  The Morelia Aqueduct (Acueducto de Morelia) in Michoacán, a colonial-era structure built between 1785 and 1789 to supply water to the city. The aqueduct features 253 arches and stands as one of the most important examples of colonial hydraulic engineering in Mexico. The back also depicts the Bell of Dolores (Campana de Dolores) flanked by pre-Columbian Atlante figures, symbolizing the call to independence issued by Miguel Hidalago in 1810. The bell now hangs in the National Palace in Mexico City and is rung annually on Independence Day.

historical_notes:
  This 50-peso polymer note is part of Mexico's Type D series introduced beginning in 2004, featuring a transition from paper to polymer substrate for enhanced durability and security. The series honors heroes of Mexican independence and revolution. The 50-peso denomination specifically commemorates José María Morelos, who is considered the greatest military leader of the independence movement after Hidalgo. The monarch butterfly motif references the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Michoacán, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The visible serial number format (SERIE 1EB, B4 34 / 2) represents the Bank of Mexico's standard alpha-numeric series coding introduced with polymer notes. The note remains legal tender and is widely circulated.


country: Mexico
currency: MXN
denomination: 200
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Banco de México
issuer_native: BANCO DE MÉXICO
material: paper
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#a8c080
reverse_subject: Stephen I of Moldova
themes: monarch,architecture
language_script: Latin
languages: es,ro
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:02
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:02
front_description:
  The Temple of San Jerónimo, a colonial-era church in Mexico City. The Templo de San Jerónimo was part of a former convent complex, founded in the 16th century and associated with Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, one of Mexico's most celebrated literary figures of the colonial period. The building represents Mexico's rich colonial architectural heritage.

back_description:
  Stephen III of Moldavia (known as Stephen the Great, 1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia who ruled from 1457 to 1504. He is one of the most celebrated rulers in Romanian and Moldovan history, renowned for his military victories against the Ottoman Empire, his extensive church-building program (founding over 40 monasteries and churches), and his defense of Christian Europe. The back also bears the text 'REPUBLICA MOLDOVA' with the year 1994 and denomination '1 UN LEU' with serial number A.0011, indicating this is actually a Moldovan 1 Leu note, not a Mexican 200 Pesos note.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL IDENTIFICATION CORRECTION: Despite the front bearing 'BANCO DE MÉXICO' and '200 DOSCIENTOS PESOS', the back image shows a completely different banknote—a 1994 Moldovan 1 Leu note featuring Stephen the Great. This is a mismatched pair. The front appears to be from a Mexican 200 Pesos note (likely from the 1980s–1990s era based on design style, depicting the Temple of San Jerónimo). The back is definitively from Moldova's first post-independence currency series issued in 1994, following Moldova's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The Moldovan Leu replaced the Moldovan Cupon at a rate of 1 Leu = 1000 Cupon. The serial number A.0011 suggests this is an extremely early printing from the first series.


country: Malta
currency: Maltese Lira
denomination: 2 Lira
series_range: 1989–2008
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2008
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Central Bank of Malta
issuer_native: BĊE
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
watermark: Queen Elizabeth II
security_features: thread
color_palette: #d7bb8d,#c79894,#a6a48f
themes: architecture
pick_number: P-48
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: mt,en
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:05
front_description:
  The Banca Guratali ta' Ghawdex (Bank of Gozo) building on the left and the Banca Guratali ta' L-Imdina (Bank of Mdina) building on the right, two historic banking institutions of Malta. The inscription commemorates the date 20 June 1428, when the Maltese and Gozitans received the Diploma tal-Ħelsien (Charter of Liberties) from King Alfonso V of Aragon, a foundational document in Maltese constitutional history granting self-governance rights.

back_description:
  José María Morelos y Pavón (1765–1815), Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary leader who led the Mexican War of Independence after the death of Miguel Hidalgo. The 'SUD' emblem shown is the insurgent emblem he used during the independence movement. Morelos is regarded as one of Mexico's greatest national heroes for his military campaigns and his convening of the Congress of Chilpancingo which declared Mexican independence.

historical_notes:
  MISMATCHED PAIR: The front image is a Malta 2 Liri note from the Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta), part of the third series issued from 1994, featuring historic Maltese banking buildings. The back image is a Mexico 50 Pesos polymer note from Banco de México, Series C dated 7 September 2005, featuring José María Morelos. These are two completely different banknotes from different countries and cannot be catalogued as a single item.


country: Moldova
currency: MDL
denomination: 1
series_name: 2015 Issue
series_year: 2015
series_range: 2015–present
issue_year: 2015
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
predecessor_currency: Moldovan Cupon
issuer: National Bank of Moldova
issuer_native: Banca Naţională a Moldovei
signatures: Guvernator: D. N. (signature illegible)
material: polymer
dimensions_mm: 110x54
watermark: Integrated clear window with flower motif (polymer substrate)
security_features: hologram, see_through_register, optically_variable_ink, microprint
color_palette: #8b6914,#d2b48c,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Ştefan cel Mare (Stephen III of Moldavia)
reverse_subject: Mănăstirea Căpriana (Căpriana Monastery)
themes: statesman, monarch, military, architecture, religion
pick_number: P-21
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Cyrillic
languages: ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:13
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:13
front_description:
  Mănăstirea Căpriana (Căpriana Monastery) in northern Moldova, one of the oldest monasteries in the country, founded in the 15th century. The monastery complex served as an important spiritual and cultural center throughout Moldovan history and was restored after periods of abandonment during Soviet rule. The monastery is depicted with its characteristic twin-towered church set in a wooded hillside landscape.

back_description:
  Ştefan cel Mare (Stephen III of Moldavia, reigned 1457–1504), the most celebrated ruler of medieval Moldavia. He successfully defended Moldovan independence against the Ottoman Empire, Hungary, and Poland in numerous military campaigns; canonized by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. Stephen is honored as the founder of the modern Moldovan state and appears on multiple denominations of Moldovan currency. The portrait shows him wearing the traditional crown and royal regalia of medieval Moldavia.

historical_notes:
  This is the 2015-dated polymer issue of the 1 leu note, part of Moldova's modern currency series introduced after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The Moldovan leu was introduced in 1993, replacing the transitional Moldovan cupon. The 2015 series represents a redesign incorporating modern polymer substrate technology and enhanced security features. The pairing of Ştefan cel Mare with Căpriana Monastery emphasizes Moldova's medieval Christian heritage and national identity. The printed year 2015 and the BNM monogram appear on both sides. The circular stamp reads 'Pe un picior de pământ / De cuvâ gură de vară' (a folk saying). Serial number prefix 'A.' may indicate first production series.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 10
series_range: 1993–2017
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2017
predecessor_currency: Möngö (subdivided tögrög)
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол банк
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 125x60
watermark: Soyombo symbol in clear field at center-right
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #5eb3a8,#8b6f7e,#f5e6d3
portrait_subject: Mongolian woman in traditional deel and headdress
reverse_subject: Przewalski's horses in mountain steppe landscape
themes: indigenous_culture,wildlife
pick_number: 53
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Traditional Mongolian vertical script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:48
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:48
front_description:
  Przewalski's horses (takhi) grazing in the Mongolian steppe with mountains in the background. The Przewalski's horse is the only surviving wild horse subspecies and is considered sacred in Mongolian culture; after near-extinction in the wild, reintroduction programs have returned these horses to their native grasslands. The scene celebrates Mongolia's natural heritage and the iconic landscapes of the central Asian steppes.

back_description:
  Portrait of a young Mongolian woman wearing traditional dress (deel) and an elaborate ceremonial headdress typical of married women in historical Mongolian culture. The State Emblem of Mongolia (featuring the Soyombo symbol) appears at center, representing the nation's independence and sovereignty. Traditional Mongolian script appears vertically at right, reading 'Mongol Bank' and the denomination.

historical_notes:
  This 10 tögrög note belongs to the series issued after Mongolia's transition to democracy and market economy in the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The design emphasizes Mongolian national identity through indigenous cultural imagery and wildlife. The tögrög (MNT) has been Mongolia's currency since 1925, though this modern series replaced earlier socialist-era designs. Low-denomination notes like the 10 tögrög have been gradually phased out due to inflation, with this denomination withdrawn from active circulation by 2017. The note features both traditional Mongolian script (vertical orientation) and Cyrillic script, reflecting Mongolia's dual writing system heritage.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 50
series_year: 2019
series_range: 2019–present
issue_year: 2019
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол улс
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
watermark: State emblem of Mongolia (Soyombo symbol) in clear field at center left
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio,latent_image,thread
color_palette: #d4a76a,#8fbc8f,#cd853f
portrait_subject: Mongolian nobleman or traditional figure
reverse_subject: Przewalski's horses in Mongolian steppe landscape
themes: indigenous_culture,wildlife,architecture
pick_number: P-NEW
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Mongolian script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:48
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:48
front_description:
  Przewalski's horses (takhi) grazing in the Mongolian steppe with mountains in the background. The Przewalski's horse is the only surviving wild horse subspecies native to Mongolia and is a symbol of Mongolian natural heritage; the species was extinct in the wild by the 1960s but has been successfully reintroduced through international conservation efforts. The scene depicts the open grasslands and mountain ranges characteristic of Mongolia's vast territory. Text reads 'МОНГОЛ УЛС' (Mongolia) and 'ТӨГРӨГ' (tögrög, the Mongolian currency unit).

back_description:
  Portrait of a Mongolian nobleman or dignitary in traditional ceremonial attire, wearing an ornate yellow-gold hat typical of Mongolian royal or noble dress. The figure represents Mongolia's rich cultural heritage and aristocratic traditions from the era of the Mongol Empire and its successor states. The state emblem of Mongolia (Soyombo symbol) is prominently featured, representing fire, sun, moon, earth, water and the yin-yang, a national symbol used since 1911 and officially adopted in its current form in 1992.

historical_notes:
  This 50 tögrög note is part of the modern series of Mongolian banknotes issued by the Bank of Mongolia (Монголбанк) beginning in 2019. The printed year '2019' appears in the lower left corner of the front. This series continues Mongolia's tradition of featuring national wildlife, cultural heritage, and traditional symbols on its currency. Mongolia uses the tögrög (MNT), introduced in 1925, as its currency unit. The depiction of Przewalski's horses reflects Mongolia's commitment to wildlife conservation and national identity, while the reverse honours the country's aristocratic and imperial past. Serial number format suggests standard production for circulation.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 50
series_name: 2020 series
series_year: 2020
series_range: 2020–present
issue_year: 2020
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол Улс
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 135x68
watermark: Soyombo symbol in clear field at center right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #d4a373,#c9a584,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Mongolian noblewoman in traditional headdress
reverse_subject: Przewalski's horses in the Mongolian steppe
themes: indigenous_culture,wildlife,architecture
pick_number: P-NEW
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Mongolian Cyrillic, Traditional Mongolian script
languages: mn
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:50
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:37:50
front_description:
  Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) grazing in the Mongolian steppe, with mountains in the background. These endangered wild horses, native to the steppes of Central Asia, were extinct in the wild by the late 1960s but have been successfully reintroduced to Mongolia through conservation efforts. They are the only truly wild horse subspecies remaining and are considered a national treasure of Mongolia, symbolizing the country's natural heritage and commitment to wildlife conservation.

back_description:
  Portrait of a Mongolian noblewoman wearing an elaborate traditional ceremonial headdress (boqta/boγta), characteristic of Mongolian aristocratic women during the medieval period and Mongol Empire era. The ornate headdress with its distinctive cylindrical crown decorated with pearls and jewels represents the rich cultural heritage of Mongolian nobility. The Soyombo symbol—Mongolia's national emblem combining Buddhist, Taoist and shamanistic symbols representing freedom and independence—appears at center, flanked by traditional Mongolian script inscriptions.

historical_notes:
  This 50 tögrög note is part of Mongolia's 2020 banknote series, issued by the Bank of Mongolia (Mongolbank). The date '2020' is clearly printed at the lower left of the front. This series represents a modern redesign of Mongolian currency, maintaining cultural themes while incorporating updated security features. The reverse features traditional Mongolian script (Old Mongolian vertical script) alongside the portrait, emphasizing cultural continuity. The front celebrates Mongolia's unique wildlife heritage with Przewalski's horses, which have been central to Mongolian identity and the country's conservation success story. The denomination is displayed in both numerals and Mongolian script (Тѳгрөг/tögrög). Mongolia has maintained the tögrög as its currency since 1925, with various series issued as the country transitioned from socialism to democracy in the 1990s.


country: Moldova
currency: Leu
denomination: 1
series_name: First leu series
series_year: 1992
series_range: 1992–1994
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2006
predecessor_currency: Soviet ruble
successor_currency: Moldovan leu (revalued)
issuer: National Bank of Moldova
issuer_native: Banca Națională a Moldovei
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 110x54
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Sukhe Bator
reverse_subject: Capriana Monastery
themes: architecture,religion,statesman
pick_number: 5
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Mongolian, Latin
languages: ro,mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:08
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:08
front_description:
  Capriana Monastery, one of the oldest monasteries in Moldova, founded in 1429 in the village of Căpriana. The monastery complex shown features twin-towered churches set against a forested hillside, representing Moldovan Orthodox Christian heritage and architectural tradition. This monastery was an important cultural and religious center throughout Moldovan history and was restored after independence.

back_description:
  Sukhe Bator (1893–1923), Mongolian revolutionary hero and founding leader of the Mongolian People's Republic, depicted wearing traditional Mongolian headgear. His portrait appears on this Moldovan note due to printing arrangements during the early post-Soviet period when newly independent states sometimes used pre-existing printing plates or designs from other former Soviet republics. The Mongolian state emblem (Soyombo symbol) appears at center, and text is in both Cyrillic and Mongolian scripts.

historical_notes:
  This is Moldova's first independent currency issue following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The Moldovan leu was introduced on November 29, 1993, replacing the Soviet/Russian ruble at par. This 1 leu note from 1992 belongs to the inaugural series (Pick 5-10) issued 1992–1994. The unusual feature of this note is the mismatched design: the front depicts a Moldovan monastery while the back shows Mongolian revolutionary Sukhe Bator with Mongolian emblems and script. This occurred because newly independent Moldova initially used banknote designs and printing plates that were available from Soviet-era stocks or from other former Soviet republics during the transitional period. The entire first leu series was replaced in 2006 when Moldova redenominated its currency, removing four zeros (1 new leu = 1,000 old lei). Serial number format uses two-letter prefix (AA) followed by seven digits.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 5 Tögrög
series_year: 2014
series_range: 2014–present
issue_year: 2014
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол Улс
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 120x60
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d2691e,#deb887,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Damdin Sükhbaatar
reverse_subject: Horses grazing in Mongolian steppe
themes: statesman,military,wildlife,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-61
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic Mongolian script and traditional Mongolian script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:10
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:10
front_description:
  Horses grazing in the Mongolian steppe with mountains in the background. The scene represents Mongolia's pastoral heritage and the central role of horses in Mongolian culture and history — the horse has been essential to Mongolian nomadic life for millennia and remains a national symbol. The imagery evokes the vast grasslands of the Mongolian plateau.

back_description:
  Damdin Sükhbaatar (1893–1923), Mongolian revolutionary hero and founding father of the Mongolian People's Republic. A military leader who played a decisive role in Mongolia's independence from Chinese rule in 1921, Sükhbaatar is one of the most revered figures in modern Mongolian history. The note also features the Soyombo symbol, Mongolia's national emblem, which combines Buddhist, Taoist and indigenous Mongolian symbols representing freedom, independence and sovereignty.

historical_notes:
  This is a 5 tögrög note from the 2014 series issued by the Bank of Mongolia (Mongolgolyn Bank). The series was introduced in 2014 with updated security features and continued Mongolia's tradition of honouring Sükhbaatar on its lower-denomination currency. Mongolia has used the tögrög (tugrik) since 1925, following the establishment of the Mongolgoyn Bank in 1924. The 2014 series maintains traditional Mongolian design elements while incorporating modern anti-counterfeiting measures. The AR prefix serial number indicates regular production. This denomination remains in active circulation as of 2024, though lower-value notes are being gradually replaced by coins in practice.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 10
series_year: 2018
series_range: 2018–present
issue_year: 2018
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол улс
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 135x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #d4c5a8,#8fb4a4,#5a6e7f
reverse_subject: Mongolian traditional circular emblem with Soyombo symbol
themes: wildlife,agriculture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-NEW
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Mongolian Cyrillic, Traditional Mongolian vertical script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:40
front_description:
  Mongolian horses grazing in a mountain steppe landscape. The horse (Equus ferus caballensis) is central to Mongolian nomadic culture and national identity, featured prominently on the country's banknotes as a symbol of freedom, endurance, and the pastoral heritage of the Mongolian people. The scene depicts traditional grassland pasture with mountains in the background, representing the natural environment of Mongolia.

back_description:
  Traditional Mongolian circular emblem incorporating the Soyombo symbol—Mongolia's national emblem composed of abstract and geometric representations including fire, sun, moon, earth, and water elements. The Soyombo has appeared on Mongolian currency since the early 20th century and represents independence and sovereignty. Also features traditional Mongolian decorative patterns and the denomination in both modern numerals and traditional Mongolian script.

historical_notes:
  This 10 tögrög note is part of the modern series issued by the Bank of Mongolia (Монголбанк) beginning in 2018, featuring updated security features and designs celebrating Mongolia's cultural heritage. The tögrög (MNT) has been Mongolia's currency since 1925. This low denomination note remains in active circulation despite inflation making higher denominations more common for daily transactions. The 2018 series maintains traditional imagery of horses and national symbols while incorporating contemporary anti-counterfeiting measures. Mongolia's banknotes are printed with bilingual text in Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian vertical script.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 20
series_name: Modern series
series_year: 2020
series_range: 2020–present
issue_year: 2020
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монгол Улс
material: paper
watermark: Traditional Mongolian ornamental circle in clear field at right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #a0522d,#f5deb3,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Zanabazar
reverse_subject: Mongolian horses in steppe landscape
themes: statesman,wildlife,indigenous_culture,architecture
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Traditional Mongolian script
languages: mn
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:42
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:42
front_description:
  Mongolian horses (Takhi) grazing in traditional steppe landscape with mountains in background. The Mongolian horse is one of the oldest and purest horse breeds, central to Mongolian nomadic culture for millennia, revered as a symbol of freedom and national identity. These semi-wild horses are hardy, compact animals adapted to Mongolia's harsh climate and remain integral to the pastoral economy and cultural heritage.

back_description:
  Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar (1635–1723), first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu of Mongolia, revered spiritual leader, sculptor, architect, and scholar. He was a key figure in Mongolian Buddhism, created the Soyombo script and the Mongolian national seal, and is considered one of Mongolia's greatest cultural icons. His portrait wears traditional Buddhist religious headwear. The state emblem of Mongolia (Soyombo symbol) appears at center, flanked by traditional Mongolian script.

historical_notes:
  This 20 tögrög note is part of Mongolia's modern banknote series issued in 2020, continuing the country's tradition of depicting national cultural and natural heritage. The note features the year '2020' printed at lower left on the front. Mongolia transitioned to a market economy in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the tögrög has remained its currency since 1925 (with a brief interruption 1924–1925). The Bank of Mongolia (Mongolbank) issues all national currency. Serial number format appears to follow standard Mongolian conventions with alphanumeric prefix.


country: Mongolia
currency: Mongolian Tögrög
denomination: 50
series_range: 1993–2000
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2000
predecessor_currency: Soviet-era Tögrög
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монголбанк
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 120x60
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#4a4a5e,#c65d5d
portrait_subject: Damdiny Sükhbaatar
reverse_subject: Traditional Mongolian agricultural scene with oxen plowing
themes: statesman,military,agriculture
pick_number: 54
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Mongolian Cyrillic
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:43
front_description:
  Damdiny Sükhbaatar (1893–1923), founding father of the Mongolian People's Republic and leader of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. A military hero who liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation and established independence, Sükhbaatar is one of the most revered figures in modern Mongolian history. His portrait appears within a circular medallion, depicted in traditional military attire. The inscription 'МОНГОЛБАНК' (Bank of Mongolia) appears vertically along the left margin, with '50 ТӨГРӨГ' (50 Tögrög) prominently displayed.

back_description:
  Traditional Mongolian agricultural scene depicting oxen-drawn plowing, representing the pastoral and agricultural heritage of Mongolia. The scene shows two oxen harnessed to a plow with a farmer, symbolizing the importance of agriculture in Mongolian life and economy. The denomination '50' appears centrally within ornamental guilloché patterns, with Mongolian script inscriptions including the currency name. This imagery reflects Mongolia's transition period in the 1990s while honoring traditional lifestyles.

historical_notes:
  This 50 Tögrög note belongs to the first series issued by the independent Bank of Mongolia following the democratic revolution of 1990 and the dissolution of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1992. The series was introduced in 1993 as part of Mongolia's economic transition from a Soviet-aligned planned economy to a market economy. The note features the traditional color scheme and design elements of early post-Soviet Mongolian currency. Sükhbaatar has appeared on Mongolian currency since 1925, reflecting his enduring status as the nation's founding revolutionary hero. This series was gradually replaced by redesigned notes beginning in the late 1990s and was fully withdrawn from circulation by 2000. The note's modest denomination and paper substrate are characteristic of Mongolia's economic challenges during the difficult transition period of the 1990s.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 10
series_name: First Tögrög series (post-socialist)
series_year: 1993
series_range: 1993–2000
issue_year: 1993
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2000
predecessor_currency: Tögrög (socialist era)
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монголбанк
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 105x54
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c25a5a,#f5deb3,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Damdin Sükhbaatar
reverse_subject: Ornamental snow lion emblem
themes: statesman,military,independence,mythology
pick_number: 54
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Traditional Mongolian script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:38:43
front_description:
  Damdin Sükhbaatar (1893–1923), Mongolian revolutionary hero and founding father of modern Mongolia. He was the leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution of 1921 that liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation and established the Mongolian People's Republic. Sükhbaatar is one of the most revered national heroes of Mongolia and his portrait has appeared on virtually every denomination of Mongolian currency since the 1920s. The front also displays the denomination '10' within an ornamental rosette and the text 'АРВАН ТӨГРӨГ' (Arvan Tögrög, 'Ten Tögrög') vertically on the left and right margins.

back_description:
  Ornamental snow lion (arslan), a mythological creature in Mongolian Buddhist tradition symbolizing fearlessness and unconditional cheerfulness. The snow lion is an important emblem in Mongolian heraldry and culture, representing the Buddhist heritage and spiritual strength of the nation. The design features the lion within a circular medallion, rendered in traditional Mongolian decorative style. The Mongolian script text reads the denomination in traditional Mongolian vertical script.

historical_notes:
  This note is from the first post-socialist series of Mongolian currency issued following Mongolia's democratic revolution in 1990. The series was introduced in 1993 as part of Mongolia's economic transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The 1993 series retained the portrait of Sükhbaatar, linking the new democratic era to Mongolia's revolutionary independence heritage while introducing new designs and security features. This series was in circulation until approximately 2000 when a new series was introduced. The denomination is relatively low-value and was common in everyday circulation during the 1990s. Serial number format 'AE6375929' follows the standard prefix-numeric pattern used by the Bank of Mongolia for this series, with no documented encoding of issue year within the serial number itself.


country: Mongolia
currency: MNT
denomination: 1
series_name: 2014 series
series_year: 2014
series_range: 2014–present
issue_year: 2014
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Mongolia
issuer_native: Монголбанк
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 120x60
watermark: Soyombo symbol in clear field at center
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: Mongolian wrestlers
themes: indigenous_culture,sport
pick_number: P-61
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Mongolian Cyrillic, traditional Mongolian script
languages: mn
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:39:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:39:04
front_description:
  The Soyombo symbol, Mongolia's national emblem, appears at center within an ornate guilloché rosette. The Soyombo is a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric figures representing fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang, dating from the 17th century and serving as a symbol of Mongolian independence and sovereignty. This symbol appears on Mongolia's flag and state seal and has been featured on Mongolian currency since the nation's independence. The text 'МОНГОЛБАНК' (Bank of Mongolia) and 'ТӨГРӨГ' (Tögrög) appear in traditional Mongolian script, with the denomination '1' prominently displayed. The year 2014 is printed at lower left.

back_description:
  Traditional Mongolian wrestling (Bökh), one of Mongolia's 'Three Manly Games' alongside archery and horse racing. Two wrestlers are depicted in the distinctive eagle dance pose worn during competitions at Naadam festivals and other traditional celebrations. Mongolian wrestling has been practiced for centuries and is deeply embedded in nomadic culture, representing strength, skill, and honor. The sport remains highly popular in modern Mongolia and wrestling champions hold revered status in society. The denomination '20' appears multiple times, with text in Mongolian script and the Mongolian numeric script visible along the borders.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 2014 series of Mongolian tögrög banknotes issued by the Bank of Mongolia (Монголбанк). The tögrög has been Mongolia's currency since 1925, though it has undergone multiple redesigns reflecting the country's political transitions from Soviet influence to independence. The 2014 series features updated security features and designs that emphasize Mongolian national symbols and cultural heritage. The 1 tögrög denomination is the smallest unit in this series. Mongolia transitioned to market economy in the 1990s after the fall of communism, and modern banknote designs emphasize pre-Soviet Mongolian heritage including traditional sports, the Soyombo symbol, and historical figures. The Soyombo was created by Zanabazar, a 17th-century monk and national hero.


country: Morocco
currency: Moroccan Dirham
denomination: 10
series_name: 1970 Issue
series_year: 1970
series_range: 1970-1985
issue_year: 1970
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1987
predecessor_currency: Moroccan Franc
issuer: Bank al-Maghrib
issuer_native: بنك المغرب
signatures: Governor: Abdelkader Benslimane; Treasurer: Mamoun Tahiri
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 148x80
watermark: Portrait of King Hassan II
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#a0522d
portrait_subject: King Hassan II
reverse_subject: Chellah necropolis
themes: monarch,architecture
pick_number: P-57a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic,Latin
languages: ar,fr
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:39:44
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:39:44
front_description:
  King Hassan II of Morocco (1929–1999), who reigned from 1961 to 1999 as the second monarch of independent Morocco. Son of King Mohammed V, he consolidated royal power and oversaw Morocco's Green March into Western Sahara in 1975. His portrait appears on the first series of dirham notes issued after decimalization in 1960, and he remained the primary figure on Moroccan currency throughout his 38-year reign.

back_description:
  The Chellah (Sala Colonia), a medieval fortified Muslim necropolis located in Rabat, Morocco. Originally a Phoenician then Roman city of Sala, it was abandoned and later transformed into a royal necropolis under the Marinid dynasty in the 14th century. The site features monumental gates, minarets, and the ruins of a mosque and madrasa, and represents Morocco's layered history from ancient through Islamic periods.

historical_notes:
  This is the 1970 issue of the Moroccan dirham, which replaced the Moroccan franc at a rate of 1 dirham = 100 francs in 1960. The 10 dirham denomination from this series was issued from 1970 and remained in circulation through the mid-1980s before being replaced by the 1985 series. The note features both Arabic and French text ('DIX DIRHAMS' and 'عشرة دراهم'), reflecting Morocco's bilingual administrative tradition. The dates '1970-1390' shown on the back reference both the Gregorian year 1970 and the Islamic Hijri year 1390. Serial number format 'BB 4 232696' follows Bank al-Maghrib's standard prefix-number convention. This series was printed during King Hassan II's consolidation of power following attempted coups in 1971-1972.


country: Morocco
currency: Moroccan Dirham
denomination: 10
series_range: 1965–1970
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
predecessor_currency: Moroccan Franc
issuer: Banque du Maroc
issuer_native: BANQUE DU MAROC
printer: Thomas de la Rue & Company Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x80
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#8b4513,#228b22
reverse_subject: Banco Nacional Ultramarino seal with ship, Lisboa 1864
themes: agriculture,industry,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 53b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Arabic
languages: fr,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:04
front_description:
  A Moroccan woman in traditional dress selling oranges at a market stall, representing Morocco's citrus agriculture and domestic commerce. The scene depicts stacked oranges on display tables, symbolizing the country's agricultural economy and the role of women in traditional market trade. This motif appeared on the 10 dirhams notes issued by Banque du Maroc following Morocco's 1960 currency reform, when the dirham replaced the Moroccan franc at a rate of 100 francs to 1 dirham.

back_description:
  The seal of Banco Nacional Ultramarino with the text 'PAGÁVEL EM MOÇAMBIQUE' (Payable in Mozambique) and 'LISBOA-1964'. However, this back appears to be from a different note (Mozambican 100 escudos) than the Moroccan 10 dirhams front, indicating a mismatched pair. The Banco Nacional Ultramarino was the Portuguese overseas bank that issued currency for Portugal's African colonies including Mozambique until independence in 1975.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the early dirham series issued by Banque du Maroc following Morocco's 1960 currency reform, which replaced the Moroccan franc at 100:1. The 1965–1970 series featured agricultural and cultural themes emphasizing Morocco's modernization. The printer attribution 'THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED' is visible at the bottom of the front. However, the back image shows a Mozambican escudo note from Banco Nacional Ultramarino rather than the correct Moroccan dirham reverse, which should feature King Hassan II's portrait or the Royal Palace of Rabat. This is a clear mismatch between front and back images. The Pick number P-53b refers to the 1965 signature variant of the 10 dirhams note.


country: Mozambique
currency: Metical
denomination: 500 Escudos
issue_year: 1967
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1980
successor_currency: Metical
issuer: Banco Nacional Ultramarino
signatures: O Administrador; O Governador
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#8b4545,#f5e5d0
portrait_subject: Caldas Xavier
reverse_subject: Banco de Moçambique building
themes: military,architecture,commemorative
pick_number: 118
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin
languages: pt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:08
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:08
front_description:
  Caldas Xavier (1877–1917), Portuguese military officer and colonial administrator who served in Mozambique and played a role in Portuguese East Africa's colonial military operations. He is depicted in military uniform. This note is an overprint issue of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino for the Province of Mozambique, with black overprint 'BANCO DE MOÇAMBIQUE QUINHENTOS ESCUDOS' and date 'LISBOA 22 DE MARÇO DE 1967' across the original design. The Portuguese colonial coat of arms appears at center top, with decree reference 'DECRETO LEI Nº 39.221'.

back_description:
  The Banco de Moçambique building in Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques), the modernist headquarters of Mozambique's central bank. The building is shown as a multi-story modernist structure with distinctive architectural features typical of 1960s design. The national emblem of the People's Republic of Mozambique appears at upper right with the date 'MAPUTO, 16 DE JUNHO DE 1983', indicating a later overprint. The text 'CINQUENTA MIL METICAIS' appears at top, reflecting currency reform.

historical_notes:
  This note represents a complex monetary history. Originally issued by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino as a 500 Escudos note on March 22, 1967 during Portuguese colonial rule of Mozambique (decreto lei 39.221), it was later overprinted by the independent Banco de Moçambique. After independence in 1975, Mozambique replaced the Escudo with the Metical in 1980. This particular note shows evidence of being overprinted on June 16, 1983 with a revaluation to 50,000 Meticais during a period of hyperinflation. The serial numbers differ between front (10002819) and back (EH3504729), which is consistent with overprint practices where new serial numbers were applied. The Banco Nacional Ultramarino was a Portuguese overseas bank that issued currency for Portugal's African colonies until independence. Pick-118 catalogues the original 500 Escudos issue of 1967.


country: Mozambique
currency: Metical
denomination: 50000 Meticais
series_name: Metical overprint series
series_range: 1993
issue_year: 1993
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2006-06-30
predecessor_currency: Escudo
successor_currency: Metical (redenominated MZN)
issuer: Banco de Moçambique
signatures: O Governador: Aires de Ornelas
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#c8b88e,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Aires de Ornelas
reverse_subject: Cahora Bassa Dam
themes: statesman,architecture,industry
pick_number: P-137
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:08
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:08
front_description:
  Cahora Bassa Dam on the Zambezi River in northwestern Mozambique. Completed in 1974, it is one of Africa's largest hydroelectric facilities and a major infrastructure project of colonial-era Mozambique. The dam created Lake Cahora Bassa, one of the continent's largest artificial lakes, and generates approximately 2,075 megawatts of power. The front also shows the Banco de Moçambique seal and decorative traditional patterns.

back_description:
  Aires de Ornelas, Portuguese colonial administrator who served as Governor-General of Mozambique (1896–1897, 1906–1907). The back is an overprinted Banco Nacional Ultramarino 100 Escudos note from the colonial era. The overprint 'MOÇAMBIQUE CEM ESCUDOS' with date 'LISBOA, 27 de MARÇO de 1961' and decree reference 'DECRETO LEI Nº 39,221' was applied to convert colonial escudos into meticais following independence. Serial number C52856013 is visible.

historical_notes:
  This note is part of Mozambique's emergency currency series issued in 1993 during a period of severe economic crisis and hyperinflation following independence from Portugal (1975) and civil war (1977–1992). The Banco de Moçambique overprinted existing stocks of colonial-era Banco Nacional Ultramarino escudo notes, revaluing them as meticais at extremely high denominations. The 50,000 Meticais overprint on a 100 Escudos note reflects the massive devaluation of the currency. This series was replaced in 2006 when Mozambique redenominated its currency at a rate of 1,000:1, introducing the new metical (MZN). Pick P-137 corresponds to the 50,000 Meticais overprint on the 100 Escudos base note. The use of Cahora Bassa Dam imagery represents post-independence emphasis on national infrastructure despite the facility's colonial origins.


country: Mozambique
currency: Mozambican Escudo
denomination: 100 Escudos
series_name: Banco Nacional Ultramarino overprint series
series_range: 1961–1975
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1980
successor_currency: Mozambican Metical
issuer: Banco de Moçambique
signatures: O ADMINISTRADOR; O GOVERNADOR
printer: Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co., New Malden, Surrey, England
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x85
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #2d5f3f,#d4a6b8,#1a1a1a
portrait_subject: Mouzinho de Albuquerque
reverse_subject: Coat of arms of Portuguese Mozambique
themes: military,statesman,colonial
pick_number: P-109a
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin
languages: pt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:11
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:11
front_description:
  Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque (1855–1902), Portuguese cavalry officer and colonial administrator who served as Governor-General of Mozambique (1896–1897) and is known for his military campaigns in Portuguese East Africa, particularly the capture of Gungunhana, the last emperor of Gaza. This note is an overprint issue, where Banco Nacional Ultramarino notes were overprinted 'MOÇAMBIQUE CEM ESCUDOS' and 'BANCO DE MOÇAMBIQUE' following Decreto Lei Nº 39.221 dated 27 March 1961 in Lisbon, transferring issuing authority from the colonial Banco Nacional Ultramarino to the newly established Banco de Moçambique.

back_description:
  The coat of arms of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, featuring a shield with the Portuguese arms (five small blue shields on white, each with five white dots representing the five wounds of Christ), an armillary sphere (Portugal's Age of Discovery symbol), flanked by two stylized serpents or dragons, and topped with a mural crown. The banner reads 'PAGAVEL NA PROVINCIA DE MOÇAMBIQUE' (Payable in the Province of Mozambique). The seal at left shows the Banco Nacional Ultramarino emblem with a ship and the date 'LISBOA-1864', referencing the bank's founding in Lisbon.

historical_notes:
  This is an overprint issue from the transitional period when Portugal reorganized its colonial currency system. Following Decreto Lei Nº 39.221 of 27 March 1961, existing Banco Nacional Ultramarino notes for Mozambique were overprinted with 'BANCO DE MOÇAMBIQUE' to reflect the establishment of a separate issuing authority for the colony. The underlying note design dates from earlier Banco Nacional Ultramarino issues but was repurposed with the overprint. The Mozambican Escudo remained in use until independence in 1975, when it was replaced by the Mozambican Metical in 1980 at a rate of 1 Metical = 1 Escudo. The note features Mouzinho de Albuquerque, a controversial colonial military figure celebrated in Portuguese colonial propaganda but whose legacy is viewed critically in post-independence Mozambique. The back denomination reads '500' while the front reads '100', indicating this is a mismatched pair of images showing two different denominations from the same series.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 50
series_range: 1994–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဗဟိုဘဏ်
printer: Security Printing Works, Myanmar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x70
watermark: Chinthe (Burmese lion-dragon) in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b7355,#e8d5c4
reverse_subject: Chinthe (mythological lion guardian)
themes: indigenous_culture,mythology
pick_number: 73
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese
languages: my,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:51
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:41:58
front_description:
  Traditional Burmese lacquerware artisan scene depicting craftspeople at work creating traditional lacquerware bowls and vessels. Lacquerware (known as yun in Burmese) is one of Myanmar's most celebrated traditional crafts, centered historically in Bagan and Pagan, with techniques passed down for centuries. The scene shows artisans engaged in the meticulous process of applying, decorating, and finishing lacquer pieces, representing Myanmar's rich cultural heritage and artisan traditions.

back_description:
  Chinthe (also spelled chinthe or chinthé), the mythological lion-like guardian creature from Burmese Buddhist tradition. The chinthe is a protective deity commonly found flanking entrances to pagodas, temples, and important buildings throughout Myanmar. This leonine figure combines features of a lion and dragon, and serves as a guardian symbol deeply embedded in Myanmar's religious and cultural iconography. The chinthe has been a national symbol and appears on various denominations of Myanmar kyat banknotes.

historical_notes:
  This 50 kyat note belongs to the series introduced by the Central Bank of Myanmar (formerly Burma) in 1994 following the country's economic reforms. The design emphasizes traditional Burmese cultural motifs rather than political figures, featuring artisan crafts on the front and the protective chinthe on the reverse. The serial number format with prefix 'G' followed by eight digits is consistent with Central Bank of Myanmar printing practices from the 1990s onward. These notes remain legal tender and are among the most common low-denomination Myanmar banknotes in circulation. The kyat has been Myanmar's currency since 1952, replacing the Burmese rupee.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 1 Kyat
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဗဟိုဘဏ်
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c8b4a0,#5c7a9c,#d4a574
portrait_subject: General Aung San
reverse_subject: Karaweik royal barge and dragon boat races on Kandawgyi Lake
themes: statesman,military,transport,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 67
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese, Latin
languages: my,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:56
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:40:56
front_description:
  Karaweik royal barge and traditional dragon boat races on Kandawgyi Lake in Yangon (Rangoon). The Karaweik is a replica of a Burmese royal barge built in 1972, designed to resemble the Pyigyimun, a mythical bird that appears in Buddhist lore. The scene depicts competitive rowing, an important part of Myanmar's cultural heritage, with the ornate multi-tiered structure of the Karaweik palace-barge visible on the shoreline against the city skyline.

back_description:
  General Aung San (1915–1947), founder of the modern Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and national hero who negotiated Burma's independence from British colonial rule. He served as de facto prime minister and was assassinated on July 19, 1947, just months before independence was achieved on January 4, 1948. His portrait appears within an ornate decorative frame typical of Myanmar banknote design, and he is universally honoured as the Father of the Nation.

historical_notes:
  This 1 Kyat note belongs to the Central Bank of Myanmar's post-1990 low-denomination series issued after the country's name change from Burma to Myanmar in 1989. The visible serial number prefix 'Z' (Z 6203022) is consistent with Myanmar replacement-note conventions, where 'Z' prefixes indicate replacement notes printed to replace damaged or defective notes from the main print run. The note features General Aung San, who appears on nearly all modern Myanmar banknotes as the preeminent national figure. The front depicts the iconic Karaweik Hall on Kandawgyi Lake, a symbol of Yangon and Myanmar's royal heritage, alongside traditional boat racing. Low-denomination notes like this 1 Kyat have largely been withdrawn from active circulation due to inflation and currency reforms, though they remain legal tender. The exact issue year cannot be determined from the visible features alone, but the design style and 'Central Bank of Myanmar' inscription place it in the 1990–present era. No known public serial-year encoding identified for this issuer.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 5
series_name: Union of Burma Bank series
series_range: 1973-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Union of Burma Bank
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 135x67
watermark: Chinthe (Burmese mythical lion)
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a8,#8fa9b5,#e8d7c3
portrait_subject: Burmese soldier
reverse_subject: Chinthe (Burmese mythical lion)
themes: military,mythology
pick_number: 57
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese script
languages: en,my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:41:13
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:41:13
front_description:
  Toddy palm (Borassus flabellifer), a significant tree in Burmese culture and economy used for toddy (palm wine) production, sugar, and timber. The palm appears prominently on the left side of this denomination and represents the agricultural heritage of Myanmar. The denomination 'FIVE KYATS' is inscribed at center with the issuing authority 'UNION OF BURMA BANK' below.

back_description:
  Portrait of a Burmese soldier in military uniform and cap at left. The soldier represents the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and symbolizes national defense and sovereignty. The denomination is shown in Burmese script (ငါးကျပ်) at center, with 'ONE KYAT' notation visible at right corner in both English and Burmese numeral '၁'.

historical_notes:
  This 5 Kyat note belongs to the Union of Burma Bank series introduced in 1973 following the demonetization and currency reform under General Ne Win's socialist government. The series continued to be issued through the 1980s and 1990s, though the exact issue year of this particular note cannot be determined without visible date markings. The denomination uses 'kyat' (also spelled 'kyat'), Myanmar's currency unit subdivided into 100 pya. Serial number CQ3724923 visible on the back. The design reflects the military government's iconography with the soldier portrait, combined with traditional cultural and agricultural symbols. This series was eventually superseded by Central Bank of Myanmar issues following the 1989 renaming of Burma to Myanmar.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 1
series_range: 1990–1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
successor_currency: Metical
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: မြန်မာ့ဗဟိုဘဏ်
printer: Security Printing Works, Myanmar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 127x60
watermark: Chinthe (Burmese mythical lion) head in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a574,#a8d8a8,#8b4513
portrait_subject: General Aung San
reverse_subject: Chinthe (Burmese mythical lion)
themes: statesman,military,mythology
pick_number: P-69
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin,Burmese
languages: en,my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:41:16
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:43:23
front_description:
  General Aung San (1915–1947), Burmese revolutionary leader and founder of the modern Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces), who negotiated Burma's independence from British colonial rule. He served as the 5th Premier of the British Crown Colony of Burma in 1946–1947 before his assassination in July 1947, and is revered as the Father of the Nation. His portrait appears on virtually all denominations of Myanmar kyat banknotes issued after independence. The front features decorative geometric patterns including a stylized rosette at center.

back_description:
  Chinthe, the mythical guardian lion of Burmese Buddhist temples and pagodas, depicted as a male figure wearing traditional Burmese military headgear. The chinthe is a symbol of strength and protection in Burmese culture, traditionally placed in pairs at temple entrances. The denomination 'ONE KYAT' is printed in English at lower right, with Burmese script appearing at center.

historical_notes:
  This 1 kyat note belongs to a series issued by the Central Bank of Myanmar following the country's transition from socialist economic policies in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The note was printed domestically at the Security Printing Works in Myanmar. The series featuring this design was issued from approximately 1990 to 1998, during a period of economic reform and the gradual opening of Myanmar's economy. General Aung San's portrait has been a constant feature on Myanmar banknotes since independence, reflecting his enduring status as the national hero. The note uses traditional Burmese decorative motifs combined with modern security features. Serial number analysis: The prefix 'PY' and red serial number are standard for this issue; no known serial-year encoding is documented for Myanmar kyat notes of this era. The 1 kyat denomination represented the lowest value note in circulation during this period.


country: Myanmar
currency: MMK
denomination: 15 Kyats
series_range: 1986-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Union of Burma Bank
issuer_native: ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဘဏ်
printer: Security Printing Works, Myanmar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x65
watermark: Chinthe (mythical lion) head in clear field
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8fbc8f,#f5deb3,#cd853f
portrait_subject: Burmese farmer with water buffalo
reverse_subject: Chinthe (mythical Burmese guardian lion)
themes: agriculture,mythology,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 62
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese script, Latin alphabet
languages: my,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:01
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:01
front_description:
  Burmese farmer seated with water buffalo, representing the agricultural foundation of Myanmar's economy. The farmer is depicted in traditional dress engaged in rural farming life, which has been central to Burmese culture and economy for centuries. This motif honors the working class and the vital role of agriculture in Myanmar society. The note features ornate traditional Burmese decorative patterns and floral motifs in green and orange tones, with 'FIFTEEN KYATS' and 'UNION OF BURMA BANK' inscriptions in English.

back_description:
  Chinthe (also spelled Chinthé or Chinthe), the mythical guardian lion of Burmese Buddhist tradition. The chinthe is a leogryph that serves as a protector of pagodas and temples throughout Myanmar, deeply embedded in Burmese mythology and iconography. These creatures are typically placed in pairs at temple entrances and have been a symbol of Myanmar since ancient times. The chinthe on this note is rendered in detailed engraving showing the creature in a seated, vigilant pose with ornate decorative borders and Burmese script.

historical_notes:
  This 15 kyat note belongs to the series issued by the Union of Burma Bank (later renamed Central Bank of Myanmar in 1990) following the 1987 demonetization. The note was part of the currency reform that replaced the previous denominations with new odd-numbered denominations (15, 35, 45, 75, 90 kyats) based on numerological beliefs of the ruling military government under General Ne Win. This unusual denomination system was highly unpopular and contributed to the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. The series was printed domestically at the Security Printing Works in Myanmar. The note features traditional Burmese artistic elements and symbolism reflecting the country's Buddhist heritage and agricultural economy. While technically still legal tender, notes of this series have been largely superseded by later issues.


country: Myanmar
currency: MMK
denomination: 100
series_range: 1994–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဗဟိုဘဏ်
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x65
watermark: Chinthe (Burmese lion guardian) in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio,see_through_register
color_palette: #d4a373,#7b68a8,#4a7b8c
reverse_subject: Chinthe
themes: mythology,architecture
pick_number: 74
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese script (Myanmar script)
languages: my,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:21
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:21
front_description:
  Scene depicting traditional Burmese life with farmers working in paddy fields near a multi-tiered Buddhist pagoda, representing the agrarian foundation of Myanmar's economy and the central role of Buddhism in national culture. The pagoda visible in the background exemplifies the distinctive Burmese architectural style with its characteristic tapering spire and multiple tiers.

back_description:
  A chinthe (Burmese mythological lion guardian, also called leogryph), a traditional protective creature found at the entrances of Buddhist temples and pagodas throughout Myanmar. The chinthe is rendered in detailed intaglio engraving, seated in the traditional guardian posture, representing protection and strength in Burmese Buddhist culture and appearing as a national symbol on Myanmar currency since independence.

historical_notes:
  This 100 Kyat note belongs to the series introduced after the 1988–1989 political transition when the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) changed the country's name from Burma to Myanmar and reorganized the currency. The Central Bank of Myanmar was established in 1990, replacing the Union of Burma Bank and the People's Bank. This denomination was part of the democratization of Myanmar's currency system, though the note has since been withdrawn from active circulation following subsequent currency reforms. The series featuring chinthes and cultural scenes was printed throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, though exact dating for individual notes without visible printed years is difficult without serial-number analysis. Myanmar's currency has historically featured Buddhist iconography and traditional cultural symbols.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 20
series_name: 1994 series
series_range: 1994–1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 1998
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဗဟိုဘဏ်
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x67
watermark: Chinthe (mythical lion) in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8fbc8f,#d2b48c,#cd5c5c
portrait_subject: Chinthe
reverse_subject: General Aung San
themes: mythology,military,statesman,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-72
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese (Myanmar)
languages: my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:58
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:58
front_description:
  Chinthe (or Leogryph), a mythical guardian lion-like creature from Burmese mythology. The chinthe is a protective symbol derived from the Sanskrit siṃha (lion), ubiquitous in Burmese temple and pagoda architecture, and serves as a national emblem of Myanmar. Pairs of chinthes traditionally guard entrances to Buddhist temples throughout the country.

back_description:
  General Aung San (1915–1947), Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, and founder of the modern Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces). He negotiated Burma's independence from Britain but was assassinated in July 1947, months before independence was achieved. Widely revered as the father of modern Myanmar, he is honored on multiple denominations of Myanmar banknotes.

historical_notes:
  This 20 Kyat note belongs to the 1994 series issued by the Central Bank of Myanmar (formerly Union of Burma Bank). The series was introduced following the 1989 demonetization that replaced earlier kyat notes. The 1994 series circulated until approximately 1998 when newer security-enhanced designs were introduced. Myanmar kyat notes of this era featured traditional Burmese iconography including the chinthe, which appears prominently on multiple denominations. The Burmese script text identifies the issuer and denomination. The note uses traditional engraved intaglio printing with guilloche patterns typical of 1990s Southeast Asian banknote design.


country: Myanmar
currency: MMK
denomination: 10
series_range: 1973-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
issuer_native: ဗဟိုဘဏ်
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 130x65
watermark: Chinthe head in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #e8d5c8,#a67ba8,#7ba8c8
reverse_subject: Chinthe (Burmese leogryph)
themes: mythology,architecture
pick_number: 71
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Burmese script
languages: my,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:59
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:42:59
front_description:
  The Karaweik Palace, a royal barge-shaped replica of a Burmese royal barge on Kandawgyi Lake in Yangon. Built in 1972–1974, this concrete structure serves as a restaurant and cultural venue, designed to resemble the royal barge (karaweik) of the Burmese monarchs and is one of Myanmar's most iconic modern architectural symbols, representing traditional Burmese royal grandeur.

back_description:
  A chinthe, the mythical leogryph (lion-griffin hybrid) that serves as a protective guardian figure in Burmese Buddhist culture. Chinthes are traditionally placed in pairs at the entrances of pagodas and temples throughout Myanmar to ward off evil spirits; they are among the most ubiquitous symbols in Burmese religious and cultural iconography, representing strength and protection.

historical_notes:
  This 10 Kyat note is part of Myanmar's long-running series issued since 1973. The kyat has been Myanmar's currency since 1952, replacing the Burmese rupee. This particular design featuring the Karaweik Palace and chinthe has remained largely unchanged across multiple printings from the 1970s through the 1990s and beyond, issued under different political regimes (from socialist Burma to the State Law and Order Restoration Council/military junta period). Serial numbering on Myanmar notes does not encode issue years in a publicly documented manner, so precise dating requires cross-reference with signature combinations or documented print runs. The denomination remains in active circulation as a low-value note.


country: Myanmar
currency: MMK
denomination: 5 Kyats
series_range: 1973-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 130x65
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b4513,#e6d5c3
reverse_subject: Karaweik Hall
themes: agriculture,architecture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 57
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin,Burmese
languages: en,my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:43:18
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:43:18
front_description:
  Agricultural scene depicting farmers plowing a rice field with oxen beneath a tree. This vignette represents Myanmar's foundational agricultural economy, with rice cultivation being the backbone of the nation's rural life and a symbol of traditional farming practices that have sustained the country for centuries. The imagery honors the labour of Myanmar's farming communities.

back_description:
  Karaweik Hall (Karaweik Palace), a royal barge-shaped ceremonial structure on the eastern shore of Kandawgyi Lake in Yangon. Built in 1974, the hall is designed to resemble the royal karaweik (a mythical bird from Buddhist cosmology) and serves as a restaurant and cultural venue. The structure is flanked by the ornamental steps and pavilions of Kandawgyi Gardens, representing Myanmar's architectural heritage and Buddhist cultural traditions. The hall's distinctive tiered roof and elephant sculptures at its base are iconic symbols of Burmese craftsmanship.

historical_notes:
  This 5 Kyats note belongs to the series introduced by the Central Bank of Myanmar (formerly Burma) after 1989, when the country's name was officially changed from Burma to Myanmar. The note features the English inscription 'Central Bank of Myanmar' and denomination in both English and Burmese script. The 5 Kyat denomination was part of Myanmar's decimal currency system established in 1952, replacing the rupee. This particular design with the agricultural scene and Karaweik Hall has been used across multiple printings from the 1970s through the 1990s. The note was eventually demonetized as Myanmar experienced significant currency reforms and redenominations. Pick number P-57 corresponds to notes from the 1973 series onward with this design. The lack of visible year or signature makes precise dating difficult, but the design elements and issuer name place it in the post-1989 period.


country: Myanmar
currency: MMK
denomination: 1
series_range: 1990–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
predecessor_currency: Burmese kyat (1952–1989)
issuer: Union of Burma Bank
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8fbc8f,#daa520,#4682b4
reverse_subject: Burmese traditional dancer
themes: indigenous_culture
pick_number: 67
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin,Burmese
languages: en,my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:15
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:15
front_description:
  A chinthe (Burmese mythical lion guardian) at right with traditional Burmese spinning wheel and loom at center. The chinthe is a protective guardian figure found at pagoda entrances throughout Myanmar, representing strength and royal authority. The spinning wheel and loom represent Myanmar's traditional textile industry, historically central to the country's economy and cultural heritage. The denomination ONE KYAT appears at bottom in English, with Burmese script numerals visible.

back_description:
  A Burmese traditional dancer with elaborate peacock headdress and ornate costume. Classical Burmese dance is an ancient art form with roots in royal court performances and Buddhist mythology, characterized by highly stylized hand gestures (mudras) and graceful movements. The peacock motif is significant in Burmese culture, symbolizing beauty, pride, and the sun. The denomination '50 PYAS' appears at right (50 pyas = ½ kyat), with Burmese numerals at left.

historical_notes:
  This 1 kyat note was issued by the Union of Burma Bank (renamed Central Bank of Myanmar in 1990 following the country's name change from Burma to Myanmar). The note is part of the kyat reintroduction series following the 1989 demonetization and currency reforms. While the front denomination states 'ONE KYAT', the back displays '50 PYAS', reflecting a denomination mismatch that appears to be an error or mismatched pair issue. The kyat was subdivided into 100 pyas. This series featured traditional cultural motifs emphasizing Myanmar's heritage. The note has been withdrawn from circulation as Myanmar has issued multiple new series since the 1990s. Pick number P-67 is assigned with moderate confidence based on the issuer name, denomination, and design elements matching documented catalogues for early 1990s Myanmar issues.


country: Myanmar
currency: Kyat
denomination: 50 Kyats
series_name: Central Bank of Myanmar series
series_range: 1994–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of Myanmar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 135x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b9e8f,#e8d5c4
reverse_subject: Shwedagon Pagoda
themes: architecture,religion
commemorative_occasion: Japanese Government occupation currency overprint
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin script on both sides; Burmese script on front
languages: my,en,ja
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
front_description:
  This is a composite note showing the front of a modern Myanmar 50 kyat note issued by the Central Bank of Myanmar, featuring the denomination in Burmese numerals and elaborate guilloche patterns in rainbow colors. The modern Myanmar kyat series was introduced in 1994 following the transition from the Burma Socialist Programme Party era, and features Buddhist cultural motifs and standardized Central Bank of Myanmar branding.

back_description:
  Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda, believed to enshrine relics of four previous Buddhas including eight hairs of Gautama Buddha. The 99-meter gilded stupa dominates Yangon's skyline and has been the spiritual heart of Myanmar for over 2,600 years. This side bears the overprint 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT / ONE HUNDRED RUPEES' with 'BA' block letters, indicating this is a World War II Japanese occupation currency note issued during the Burma Campaign (1942–1945). These overprinted notes were emergency currency used when Japanese forces occupied Burma.

historical_notes:
  This is a highly unusual composite or mismatched pair. The front appears to be a genuine modern Myanmar 50 kyat note from the Central Bank of Myanmar series (introduced 1994 after the military government's currency reforms). The back, however, shows a Japanese Government occupation note of 100 Rupees from World War II (1942–1945), used during Japan's occupation of Burma. These occupation rupees were issued by the Japanese military administration to replace British Indian rupees. The 'BA' block prefix indicates a specific print series. These are two entirely different notes from different eras—separated by approximately 50 years—and should not appear as front and back of the same note. This suggests either a scanning error, intentional composite for comparison, or a highly unusual numismatic anomaly. Genuine Japanese occupation rupees (catalog references typically in the P-14 to P-17 range for Burma) are collectible WWII-era notes, while modern Myanmar kyat notes are current legal tender.


country: Burma (Myanmar)
currency: Rupee
denomination: 10 Rupees (back: 1/2 Rupee)
series_name: Japanese Occupation Issue
series_range: 1942–1944
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Indian Rupee
successor_currency: Burmese Rupee
issuer: Japanese Government (Military Occupation Authority)
issuer_native: 大日本帝国政府
material: paper
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#654321
reverse_subject: Burmese temple complex with palm trees
themes: architecture,military
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
front_description:
  Japanese Government-issued military occupation currency for Burma during World War II. The note bears the denomination '10 Rupees' (TEN RUPEES) in ornate guilloche patterns. This was invasion money (gunpyo) issued by the Japanese military administration to replace existing currency in occupied territories as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere economic policy during 1942–1945.

back_description:
  Burmese temple complex, likely representing traditional Burmese Buddhist architecture with characteristic multi-tiered spires (pyatthat) and stupas amid palm trees. Inscribed 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' and 'HALF RUPEE' with 'BD' block letters in corners and Japanese characters at bottom (大日本帝国政府 - Dai Nippon Teikoku Seifu). Note the denomination mismatch: the front states 10 Rupees while the back states Half Rupee, indicating this is a mismatched pair of notes from different denominations.

historical_notes:
  This appears to be a mismatched pair showing the front of a 10 Rupee note and the back of a 1/2 Rupee note from the Japanese Occupation of Burma series (1942–1945). During WWII, Japan issued military scrip throughout occupied Southeast Asia to facilitate commerce and extract resources. The Burmese rupee issues were printed in various denominations from 1 cent to 100 rupees. These notes circulated alongside or replaced the existing Indian rupee currency that had been used in British Burma. The Japanese occupation currency was demonetized after Japan's surrender in August 1945 and became worthless. The series is commonly collected today as WWII militaria. Without a visible serial number or printer mark, precise dating within the 1942–1944 production period cannot be determined. The 'BD' marking on the back may indicate a block or series identifier used during printing.


country: Burma (Myanmar)
currency: Rupee
denomination: 10
series_name: Japanese Invasion Money (JIM)
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Indian Rupee
successor_currency: Burmese Rupee
issuer: Japanese Government
material: paper
color_palette: #8b7355,#a0522d,#2f4f4f
reverse_subject: Shwedagon Pagoda
themes: architecture,religion,military
pick_number: M5
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Burmese
languages: en,my
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:44:20
front_description:
  Japanese Invasion Money 10 Rupees note. This note is part of the currency issued by the Japanese military administration during the occupation of Burma (1942–1945) in World War II. The front features elaborate guilloche patterns in green ink with the denomination '100' prominently displayed, though this appears to be the reverse of a 10 Rupees note based on the back inscription. These notes were mass-produced and circulated alongside or replaced existing currencies in occupied territories as part of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere economic policy.

back_description:
  The Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon (Yangon), Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda. Built over 2,500 years ago, the 326-foot gilded stupa dominates the Yangon skyline and is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Southeast Asia. The pagoda is depicted with surrounding palm trees and tropical vegetation, rendered in brown-red ink. The inscription 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' and 'TEN RUPEES' appears in English, with block letters 'BA' (likely a block or series indicator) in the upper corners. At bottom center, text in Burmese script appears alongside the denomination '10'.

historical_notes:
  Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) was military scrip issued by the Imperial Japanese government for use in occupied territories during World War II. In Burma, the Japanese occupation lasted from 1942 to 1945. These notes were printed in vast quantities with minimal security features and poor-quality paper, leading to rapid inflation and economic disruption. The Burma series featured local landmarks like the Shwedagon Pagoda to gain acceptance among the population. After Japan's defeat in 1945, all invasion money was declared worthless. This denomination is catalogued as Pick M5 in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money (Military Issues). The series is well-documented and specimens are relatively common in the collectors' market today. No serial-year encoding is known for Japanese Invasion Money; dating relies on the documented occupation period of 1942–1945.


country: Burma
currency: Burmese rupee
denomination: 5 Rupees
series_name: Japanese Occupation Issue
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Indian rupee
successor_currency: Burmese rupee (post-independence)
issuer: Japanese Government (occupying authority in Burma)
issuer_native: 日本政府
material: paper
security_features: guilloche_patterns
color_palette: #8b7355,#d3c5a8,#4a4a4a
reverse_subject: Borobudur temple complex
themes: architecture,religion,military
pick_number: M4
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:00
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:00
front_description:
  Ornate guilloche patterns forming decorative panels with the denomination ½ displayed prominently in mirror image on both sides. This is the obverse of a Japanese occupation note issued during World War II when Imperial Japanese forces occupied Burma (1942–1945). The minimalist design reflects emergency wartime printing conditions.

back_description:
  Borobudur, the 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple complex in Central Java, Indonesia — one of the world's largest Buddhist monuments. The depiction shows the distinctive stupas and multi-tiered structure of this UNESCO World Heritage site. Japanese occupation currency frequently featured Buddhist and Hindu temples from Southeast Asia to promote pan-Asian solidarity under Japanese rule. Text reads 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' with denomination 'FIVE RUPEES' and block letters 'BB' in red. Japanese characters appear at the bottom.

historical_notes:
  Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) issued for Burma during World War II occupation (1942–1945). Following Japan's conquest of Burma in 1942, the Imperial Japanese government issued military scrip denominated in rupees to replace the Indian rupee that had circulated under British rule. These notes, printed in large quantities, contributed to hyperinflation in occupied territories. The 'BB' block letters likely indicate a series or print run identifier. The use of Borobudur (located in Java, not Burma) reflects Japanese propaganda emphasizing Buddhist heritage across the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. These notes were demonetized immediately upon Japanese surrender in 1945 and hold primarily historical and collectible interest today. Pick catalog references for Japanese occupation notes use the 'M' prefix (Military).


country: Nepal
currency: Nepalese Rupee
denomination: 1
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: Nepal Rastra Bank
issuer_native: नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
material: paper
security_features: guilloche,microprint
color_palette: #2d5f3f,#f5f0e8,#1a1a1a
portrait_subject: King Mahendra
reverse_subject: Singha Durbar
themes: monarch,architecture
pick_number: 8
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Devanagari
languages: ne
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:33
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:33
front_description:
  One Rupee note of Nepal featuring geometric guilloche patterns and ornamental design typical of early Nepalese currency. The denomination '1' appears prominently at center within an ornate frame with scrollwork and traditional Nepali decorative elements in the corners.

back_description:
  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1920–1972), the ninth King of Nepal who ruled from 1955 to 1972, depicted in profile wearing glasses and traditional cap. He is remembered for introducing the Panchayat system of governance and modernizing Nepal's infrastructure. The note also features Singha Durbar, the grand neoclassical palace complex in Kathmandu that serves as the seat of the Government of Nepal, built in 1908 by Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher. The palace name appears in Devanagari script along with 'Nepal Rastra Bank' at top.

historical_notes:
  This is a One Rupee note issued by Nepal Rastra Bank during King Mahendra's reign (1955–1972). The serial number '१२३००२०' is printed in Devanagari numerals. This series represents the early post-monarchy establishment period when Nepal was modernizing its currency system under the Nepal Rastra Bank, which was established in 1956. The note features traditional Nepali architectural and royal imagery. Based on the design style, portrait of King Mahendra, and the Devanagari serial numbering system, this note likely dates from the 1960s period. King Mahendra's image appeared on Nepalese currency throughout his reign until his death in 1972.


country: Nepal
currency: NPR
denomination: 1
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: Nepal Rastra Bank
issuer_native: श्री नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
material: paper
color_palette: #d4af76,#8b7355,#1a1a1a
portrait_subject: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
reverse_subject: Nepalese temple architecture
themes: monarch,wildlife,architecture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 22
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Devanagari
languages: ne
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:34
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:34
front_description:
  Two Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in their natural mountain habitat with Mount Everest in the background. The musk deer is native to the Himalayan region and has been historically hunted for musk pods used in traditional medicine and perfume; this note celebrates Nepal's wildlife heritage. The royal coat of arms of Nepal appears at upper right, featuring the traditional crossed kukri knives and the royal crown.

back_description:
  King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1945–2001), who reigned as King of Nepal from 1972 until his assassination in 2001. He wore the traditional Nepali cap and military uniform, and presided over Nepal's transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy in 1990. The note features traditional Nepalese temple architecture in pagoda style at center, representing the Hindu and Buddhist religious heritage of Nepal. The text 'श्री नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक' (Shri Nepal Rastra Bank) and 'रुपैयाँ एक' (Rupaiya Ek, meaning One Rupee) are prominently displayed.

historical_notes:
  This 1 Rupee note was issued by Nepal Rastra Bank during the reign of King Birendra. The note belongs to a series that circulated after Nepal's democratic reforms in 1990. King Birendra's portrait appears on multiple denominations of Nepalese currency from this era. The front features wildlife imagery highlighting Nepal's biodiversity and Himalayan ecology, while the reverse honors both the monarchy and Nepal's distinctive architectural traditions. The currency was eventually replaced with coins for small denominations and demonetized. Pick catalog reference P-22 is assigned to this design type, though multiple signature and date variants exist within this designation.


country: Nepal
currency: Rupee
denomination: 1
series_name: King Birendra portrait series
series_range: 1974-2000
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2007
issuer: Nepal Rastra Bank
issuer_native: नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 110x60
watermark: Crown in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b7355,#d2b48c,#4169e1
portrait_subject: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
reverse_subject: Swayambhunath stupa
themes: monarch,religion,wildlife,architecture
pick_number: 22
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Devanagari
languages: ne
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:36
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:36
front_description:
  Two swamp deer (barasingha) in their natural Himalayan mountain habitat. The swamp deer is native to the Indian subcontinent and appears as a symbol of Nepal's wildlife heritage. The front also features the royal crown emblem and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Nepal in the upper right corner, with traditional Nepali decorative borders and text in Devanagari script.

back_description:
  King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1945–2001), who reigned as King of Nepal from 1972 until his assassination in 2001. He is shown in traditional Nepali royal dress with the distinctive plumed crown. The reverse also depicts Swayambhunath stupa (also known as the Monkey Temple), one of the most sacred Buddhist sites in Nepal, located on a hilltop west of Kathmandu. The complex dates to the 5th century CE and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, symbolizing Nepal's Buddhist heritage.

historical_notes:
  This 1 Rupee note belongs to the King Birendra portrait series issued by Nepal Rastra Bank during the reign of King Birendra (1972–2001). The series continued in circulation until Nepal's transition from monarchy to republic. Following the royal massacre in 2001 and the subsequent abolition of the monarchy in 2008, notes bearing royal portraits were gradually withdrawn and replaced with new republican designs. The swamp deer motif reflects Nepal's emphasis on wildlife conservation and its Himalayan natural heritage. The Swayambhunath stupa represents the country's deep Buddhist traditions. Pick reference P-22 encompasses multiple signature and date varieties issued over the series run from 1974 to 2000. The serial number format visible (५१९८५८४ in Devanagari numerals = 5198584) is typical of Nepal Rastra Bank issues of this era.


country: Burma (Myanmar)
currency: Burmese Rupee
denomination: 1 Rupee
series_name: Japanese Occupation Issue
series_range: 1942-1944
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Indian Rupee
successor_currency: Burmese Rupee (post-independence)
issuer: The Japanese Government
issuer_native: 大日本帝国政府
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 122x67
color_palette: #8b7355,#2f4f4f,#d3d3d3
reverse_subject: Burmese Buddhist temples and pagodas
themes: architecture,religion,military
pick_number: M3
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:56
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:56
front_description:
  Japanese Government occupation currency issued for use in Burma during World War II. The note features intricate guilloche patterns with large denomination numerals '5' on both sides (though the back indicates 'ONE RUPEE', this is a 1 Rupee note). The front displays ornate geometric lathe-work security printing characteristic of Japanese-issued occupation currency during 1942-1945.

back_description:
  Burmese Buddhist temples and pagodas amid tropical vegetation including palm trees. The text 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' and 'ONE RUPEE' appears prominently in English. Block letters 'BD' appear in the lower corners. Japanese characters (大日本帝国政府) appear at the bottom. The scene depicts traditional Burmese religious architecture under Japanese military occupation, representing the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere propaganda of integrating local culture under Japanese administration.

historical_notes:
  Japanese Government occupation currency (often called 'invasion money') issued during the occupation of Burma (1942-1945) following the Japanese conquest in early 1942. This series was printed to replace the Indian Rupee that had circulated under British colonial rule. The notes were issued without signatures or dates and circulated alongside military scrip. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the currency became worthless. The 'BD' block letters likely indicate a specific printing series or distribution zone. These notes are documented as Pick M-series (M for Military) in the Standard Catalog. The lack of sophisticated security features and the propaganda nature of the design—showing Buddhist temples under 'Japanese Government' authority—are characteristic of wartime occupation issues. No serial-year encoding is known for this issuer; dating relies on the documented 1942-1944 occupation period.


country: Nepal
currency: NPR
denomination: 5
series_name: King Mahendra series
series_range: 1961–1972
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: Nepal Rastra Bank
issuer_native: नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक
signatures: Governor: signature present but name illegible
material: paper
security_features: intaglio
color_palette: #8b7355,#d4a574,#a52a2a
reverse_subject: Kasthamandap temple
themes: wildlife,architecture,monarchy
pick_number: 14
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Devanagari
languages: ne
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:58
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:45:58
front_description:
  Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) in their native mountain habitat, with Mount Everest or similar Himalayan peak in the background. The musk deer are endemic to the Himalayan region and were historically hunted for musk; they represent Nepal's unique alpine wildlife. The royal coat of arms of Nepal appears at upper right, featuring crossed kukri knives, the cow and pheasant supporters, and the royal crown with the motto in Devanagari script. An ornate pillar with the royal emblem at center left frames the scene.

back_description:
  Kasthamandap temple in Kathmandu, a historic three-tiered pagoda-style temple built in the 16th century from the wood of a single tree ('kastha' meaning wood, 'mandap' meaning pavilion). The temple gave Kathmandu its name and was a significant landmark in Durbar Square until its destruction in the 2015 earthquake. Mount Machapuchare (Fishtail Mountain) appears at left. The text reads 'Nepal Rastra Bank' in Devanagari at top, with denomination 'Rupaya Panch' (Five Rupees) prominently displayed.

historical_notes:
  This 5 rupee note belongs to the King Mahendra series issued by Nepal Rastra Bank from 1961–1972, during the reign of King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1955–1972). The series was introduced following Nepal's modernization of its currency system. The note features distinctly Nepali imagery: the Himalayan musk deer representing the country's unique mountain wildlife, and the Kasthamandap temple representing cultural heritage. The visible date '२०१९' in Devanagari numerals corresponds to Bikram Sambat year 2019, which is 1962/1963 CE. This places the note in the early 1960s issue period. The note has been demonetized and is no longer legal tender, replaced by subsequent series. Serial number visible as 'ने ८३८४९२' with prefix 'ने' (ne).


country: Netherlands
currency: Netherlands guilder
denomination: 1 gulden
series_name: Muntbiljet series 1943
series_year: 1943
series_range: 1943–1945
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
successor_currency: Netherlands guilder (post-war series)
issuer: Kingdom of the Netherlands
issuer_native: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
signatures: Minister van Financiën: [signature present but illegible]
printer: American Bank Note Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 115x66
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b0000,#deb887,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Queen Wilhelmina
themes: monarch
pick_number: P-64b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: nl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:46:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:46:35
front_description:
  Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (1880–1962), who reigned from 1890 to 1948. During World War II she led the Dutch government-in-exile from London and became a symbol of Dutch resistance to Nazi occupation. This muntbiljet (coin note) series was issued by the Dutch government-in-exile and printed in the United States for use after liberation.

back_description:
  Circular medallion with ornate guilloché patterns surrounding Queen Wilhelmina's portrait at center. The text reads 'UITGEGEVEN KRACHTENS KONINKLIJK BESLUIT VAN 4 FEBRUARI 1943, NO. 2' (Issued by Royal Decree of 4 February 1943, No. 2), indicating its wartime emergency issue status. The denomination 'EEN GULDEN' (one guilder) appears prominently with 'WETTIG BETAALMIDDEL' (legal tender) below.

historical_notes:
  This muntbiljet (coin note) was issued by the Dutch government-in-exile in London on 4 February 1943 during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. Printed by the American Bank Note Company in the United States, these notes were prepared for use after the liberation of the Netherlands. The series was part of the wartime currency preparation and circulated from 1943 to 1945, when post-war currency reforms replaced them. The 'muntbiljet' designation distinguishes these as state treasury notes rather than central bank notes. Serial prefix 'FD' indicates a specific print series within the 1943 issue.


country: Netherlands
currency: NLG
denomination: 10
series_name: 1997 Series
series_year: 1997
series_range: 1997-2002
issue_year: 1997
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-01-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: De Nederlandsche Bank
signatures: President: W.F. Duisenberg; Secretary: M.R. Enthoven
printer: Joh. Enschedé en Zonen
engraver: R.D.E. Oxenaar
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x68
watermark: Abstract avocet (kluut) bird head design in clear field at right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image,see_through_register,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #9db3d1,#f5e6c8,#2e4c7a
reverse_subject: Abstract avocet (kluut) bird
themes: wildlife,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 99
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: nl
value_currency: EUR
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:46:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:46:40
front_description:
  Abstract geometric design featuring intricate guilloché patterns forming interlocking circular shapes in blue and beige tones. This modernist design series, created by artist R.D.E. Oxenaar, marked a radical departure from traditional portrait-based banknotes and was the final guilder series before the euro transition. The denomination '10' appears prominently in blue. The text includes anti-counterfeiting warnings in Dutch referencing Article 208 of the Penal Code. Serial number 2188515258 appears twice.

back_description:
  The avocet (kluut, scientific name Recurvirostra avosetta) depicted in abstract geometric form with the bird's distinctive upturned bill rendered as a black shape against a cream circle with yellow dots. The avocet is a distinctive black-and-white wading bird found in Dutch coastal wetlands and polders. The bird name 'IJSVOGEL ALCEDO ATTHIS ISPIDA' actually refers to the kingfisher (different from the avocet design shown), part of Oxenaar's nature theme. The modernist composition includes geometric patterns, arrows, and stylized industrial/natural elements. Text 'STEKEL BAARS' (stickleback fish) appears in a circular emblem at left.

historical_notes:
  This 10 guilder note belongs to the final series of Dutch banknotes issued before the Netherlands adopted the euro on January 1, 2002 (with a dual-circulation period ending January 28, 2002, after which guilders were demonetized). The 1997 series, designed by R.D.E. Oxenaar, featured abstract modernist designs based on Dutch nature themes rather than historical portraits—a controversial artistic choice that made these notes among the most distinctive in European currency history. Each denomination depicted different Dutch wildlife (birds and fish) in highly stylized geometric form. The series was printed by Joh. Enschedé en Zonen, the Dutch state printing house. The date 'JULI 1997' is printed on the reverse. Signatures are those of W.F. Duisenberg (who later became the first president of the European Central Bank) and M.R. Enthoven. These notes are now collectors' items representing the final chapter of Dutch monetary sovereignty before euro adoption.


country: Netherlands
currency: NLG
denomination: 10
series_name: Snipe series
series_year: 1997
series_range: 1997–2002
issue_year: 1997
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-01-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: De Nederlandsche Bank NV
printer: Joh. Enschedé en Zonen
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x68
watermark: Snipe bird in white field at right
security_features: thread, hologram, microprint, intaglio, see_through_register, latent_image, raised_print
color_palette: #5d75b3,#e8d6a8,#e67649
reverse_subject: Abstract design by Jaap Drupsteen
themes: wildlife,science,commemorative
pick_number: 99
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: nl
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:13
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:13
front_description:
  The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), a wading bird found in wetlands across Europe and Asia, depicted in abstract geometric form with yellow, orange and blue patterns. The snipe was selected as the subject for this denomination in the final series of Dutch guilder notes, which featured native birds on each denomination. The design incorporates a barcode security element and Dutch text describing the bird's habitat in marshlands ('JOH ENSCHEDE EN ZONEN IVJP' visible at top). This highly modern abstract design by graphic artist Jaap Drupsteen and illustrator Ootje Oxenaar marked a radical departure from traditional banknote portraiture, celebrating Dutch nature through geometric patterns and innovative security features.

back_description:
  This is a mismatched image showing a 2.50 gulden (2½ guilder) Zilverbon (Silver Certificate) from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, dated 1 October 1918, during World War I. This emergency currency was issued when silver coinage became scarce, and these paper notes served as legal tender backed by silver reserves. The note reads 'ZILVERBON Groot TWEE EN EEN HALVE GULDEN' (Silver certificate worth two and one-half guilders) and features signatures of 'De Agent van het Ministerie van Financiën' and 'De Minister van Financiën', along with serial number Series P № 404171. The text 'WETTIG BETAALMIDDEL KONINKRIJK DER NEDERLANDEN' identifies it as legal tender of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL MISMATCH: The front image shows a modern 10 gulden note from the 1997 Snipe series (the final Dutch guilder series before euro conversion), designed by Jaap Drupsteen. These notes were issued 1997–2002 and demonetized on 28 January 2002 when the Netherlands adopted the euro. The back image shows a completely different note: a 2.50 gulden Zilverbon (emergency silver certificate) from WWI era, dated 1 October 1918, issued during metal-coinage shortages. These are NOT the front and back of the same banknote. The 1997 series featured native Dutch birds on each denomination (10 gulden = snipe, 25 = robin, 50 = sunflower, 100 = snowy owl, 250 = lighthouse, 1000 = woodcock) in highly abstract, geometric modernist designs incorporating advanced security features. The series represented Dutch graphic design excellence and was among the world's most secure banknotes of its time. Printer identification 'JOH ENSCHEDE EN ZONEN' and date '©1997 DE NEDERLANDSCHE BANK NV' visible on front; designer 'J T G DRUPSTEEN' printed at lower right.


country: Netherlands
currency: Gulden (NLG)
denomination: 1
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: American Bank Note Company
printer: American Bank Note Company
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d2691e,#f5f5dc,#000000
reverse_subject: Cross of Lorraine with deer head
themes: military,resistance,commemorative
commemorative_occasion: Free French Forces / French Resistance currency
language_script: Latin
languages: nl,fr
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:23
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:23
front_description:
  Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands featuring two lions as supporters, a crowned shield with the royal arms, and the motto 'JE MAINTIENDRAI' (I will maintain). The design displays 'EEN GULDEN' (One Guilder) in decorative medallions at left and right. The text references Dutch criminal code articles 208 and 209 concerning counterfeiting. This note represents emergency or occupation-era currency printed by the American Bank Note Company, likely for use during World War II or the immediate postwar period.

back_description:
  Cross of Lorraine (Croix de Lorraine), the symbol of Free France and the French Resistance during World War II, positioned centrally above a stylized deer head with antlers. The text 'BON DE CAISSE' (Treasury Note) appears at top, with 'TRÉSOR 50 CENTIMES NOUMÉA' in a box at right, and 'Émis le 5 JANVIER 1943' (Issued 5 January 1943) at bottom. Article 138 of the French Penal Code regarding counterfeiting is cited on the left. Decorative floral and leaf motifs frame the design. This reverse indicates New Caledonia wartime emergency currency issued under Free French authority.

historical_notes:
  This is a mismatched pair of banknote images. The front shows a Dutch 1 Gulden note with the Netherlands royal coat of arms and the motto 'JE MAINTIENDRAI,' printed by the American Bank Note Company with references to Dutch criminal code articles 208 and 209. The reverse shows a French colonial treasury note ('Bon de Caisse') for 50 centimes from Nouméa, New Caledonia, issued 5 January 1943 under Free French authority, featuring the Cross of Lorraine. During World War II, both occupied Netherlands and Free French territories issued emergency currencies, often printed by American firms. However, these two sides do not belong to the same banknote—the Dutch guilder front and the New Caledonian centime back represent different issuing authorities, denominations, and purposes. The condition appears poor with visible staining, creasing, and possible water damage on both pieces.


country: Nicaragua
currency: NIO
denomination: 5 Centavos de Córdoba
series_name: Córdoba series
series_range: 1991–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
predecessor_currency: Córdoba
issuer: Banco Central de Nicaragua
printer: Harrison & Sons Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#e8f4e8,#8b4789
portrait_subject: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
reverse_subject: Coat of arms of Nicaragua and national flower (Sacuanjoche/Plumeria)
themes: statesman,indigenous_culture,wildlife
pick_number: 168
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:59
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:47:59
signatures:
  Presidente del Banco Central de Nicaragua: Francisco May; Primer Vice-Presidente del Banco Central de Nicaragua: Manuel Gámez; Ministro de Finanzas: Valentín Ruiz López

front_description:
  Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (c. 1475–1526), Spanish conquistador who founded the cities of Granada and León in Nicaragua in 1524, after whom the Nicaraguan córdoba currency is named. He was executed by Pedrarias Dávila in 1526 during power struggles in early colonial Central America. The note honors him as a founder of modern Nicaragua despite the colonial context.

back_description:
  The coat of arms of Nicaragua featuring an equilateral triangle representing equality, with five volcanoes between two oceans symbolizing the five original Central American republics, a rainbow for peace, and a Phrygian cap for liberty. To the right is the Sacuanjoche (Plumeria rubra), Nicaragua's national flower since 1971, representing beauty and the natural wealth of the nation.

historical_notes:
  This 5 centavos note belongs to the córdoba series issued after Nicaragua's monetary reform of 1991, when the new córdoba (also called córdoba oro) replaced the previous córdoba at a rate of 1:5,000,000 following severe hyperinflation in the late 1980s. The centavo denominations (1/100 of a córdoba) were issued briefly in the 1990s but quickly became obsolete due to continued inflation and were demonetized. Harrison & Sons Limited, the British security printer, produced this note. The serial prefix A/B indicates an early printing within the series. While no specific issue year is printed on this note, the signature combination and series design place it in the early-to-mid 1990s, most likely 1991–1995.


country: Nicaragua
currency: NIO
denomination: 25 Centavos
series_range: 1991–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
predecessor_currency: Córdoba (old)
issuer: Banco Central de Nicaragua
printer: Harrison & Sons Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #a0c5e0,#8b4789,#f5e6d3
themes: statesman,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 170
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:00
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:00
front_description:
  The coat of arms of Nicaragua at center, featuring a triangle enclosing five volcanoes rising from the Pacific Ocean with a Phrygian cap on a pole above them, surrounded by the text 'REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA AMERICA CENTRAL'. The coat of arms represents the five original member states of the United Provinces of Central America and has been the national emblem since 1823. The denomination '25' appears prominently at center right, with the national flower (Sacuanjoche/Plumeria) depicted to the right. Decorative elements include guilloche patterns and '25' in rosettes at corners. Text 'VEINTICINCO CENTAVOS' appears on a banner below center.

back_description:
  Identical design to the front but printed in rose/magenta ink instead of blue. The coat of arms of Nicaragua, denomination '5' (note: appears as '5' rather than '25' on this face, likely a design element showing the fractional córdoba relationship), the Sacuanjoche flower, and identical decorative patterns and text arrangement. The printer's imprint 'HARRISON & SONS LIMITED' appears at the bottom center of both sides.

historical_notes:
  This 25 centavos note belongs to the córdoba currency series introduced in 1991 following Nicaragua's severe hyperinflation of the 1980s. In 1991, the new córdoba (NIO) replaced the old córdoba at a rate of 5,000,000:1. Fractional denominations like this 25 centavos note were printed by the British security printer Harrison & Sons Limited. The note features Nicaragua's coat of arms, adopted in 1823 and modified in 1971, which depicts the triangle of equality, the Phrygian cap of freedom, five volcanoes representing the original Central American federation members, and a rainbow symbolizing peace. The Sacuanjoche (Plumeria rubra), Nicaragua's national flower since 1971, is prominently featured. Small fractional notes like this were eventually withdrawn from circulation as inflation continued, though the córdoba remains Nicaragua's currency. The note's dual-color printing (blue front, rose back) was a common anti-counterfeiting measure for the era.


country: New Caledonia
currency: CFP franc
denomination: 50 centimes
series_name: Trésorerie de Nouméa emergency issue
series_range: 1943
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: French Pacific franc (pre-war)
successor_currency: CFP franc (post-war)
issuer: Trésorerie de Nouméa
issuer_native: Trésorerie de Nouméa
signatures: Le Gouverneur: signature; Le Trésorier-Payeur: signature
material: paper
color_palette: #2d5f3f,#8b7355,#e8dcc8
reverse_subject: Port of Nouméa industrial scene with loading cranes and warehouses
themes: industry,transport,architecture
rarity_tier: rare
language_script: Latin
languages: fr
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:21
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:21
front_description:
  Industrial port scene of Nouméa showing loading cranes and warehouse buildings, representing the commercial and maritime importance of New Caledonia's capital. The port of Nouméa was crucial for Allied supply operations in the South Pacific during World War II; these emergency Treasury notes were issued under Vichy-aligned administration before Free French forces took control in 1943.

back_description:
  The same port scene of Nouméa with loading cranes and warehouses, printed in green ink. This emergency scrip was issued by the local Treasury (Trésorerie de Nouméa) during wartime conditions when regular French currency supplies were disrupted. The note shows the date 'le 15 juin 1943' and serial number 250,198.

historical_notes:
  This is a World War II emergency issue from the Trésorerie de Nouméa, dated specifically to March and June 1943. These low-denomination notes (50 centimes = 5 francs on reverse) were issued during a period of extreme economic disruption in New Caledonia. The territory was strategically important as a U.S. military base in the South Pacific; the presence of over 50,000 American troops created massive demand for local currency. Regular supplies of French banknotes from metropolitan France were impossible due to the war, forcing the local Treasury to produce emergency scrip. The front bears the date '29 mars 1943' while the reverse shows '15 juin 1943', indicating these were printed in batches over several months. New Caledonia switched allegiance from Vichy France to Free France in September 1940, earlier than most French Pacific territories. These Treasury notes were withdrawn and replaced by regular CFP franc issues after the war ended. The industrial port imagery reflects Nouméa's transformation into a major Allied logistics hub during the Pacific War. These emergency issues are now quite scarce, as most were redeemed and destroyed post-war.


country: New Caledonia
currency: CFP franc
denomination: 5 francs
series_name: Vichy France occupation issue
series_year: 1943
series_range: 1943
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: French Pacific franc (pre-war)
successor_currency: CFP franc (post-war)
issuer: Treasury of New Caledonia (Trésor de Nouméa)
issuer_native: Trésor de Nouméa
material: paper
color_palette: #8b7355,#9acd32,#f5f5dc
portrait_subject: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
reverse_subject: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
themes: commemorative,military
rarity_tier: rare
language_script: Latin
languages: fr,es
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:26
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:26
front_description:
  Emergency treasury note issued by Vichy French authorities in New Caledonia during World War II. The note bears the Free French Cross of Lorraine symbol at center, indicating resistance to Axis occupation. Dated 11 June 1943 ('ARRÊTÉ DU 11 JUIN 1943'), this is a wartime emergency issue. The text references Article 139 of the Penal Code regarding counterfeiting penalties. The design features tropical flora motifs (vanilla and coffee leaves) reflecting New Caledonia's agricultural economy.

back_description:
  Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (1475–1526), Spanish conquistador and explorer who founded several Central American cities including Granada and León in Nicaragua. He is depicted at right in formal military attire. The note is denominated as 25 centavos de córdoba ('VEINTICINCO CENTAVOS DE CORDOBA') and issued by Banco Central de Nicaragua. This back design is from a much later Nicaraguan banknote and does NOT match the New Caledonian front—these are mismatched images of two completely different notes from different countries and eras.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL: These images show TWO DIFFERENT BANKNOTES that are NOT a matched pair. FRONT: New Caledonia 5 francs emergency 'Bon de Caisse' (treasury voucher) issued 11 June 1943 during WWII under Vichy French administration, featuring the Cross of Lorraine. BACK: Nicaragua 25 centavos de córdoba from the Banco Central de Nicaragua modern series, featuring Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, issued decades later (likely 1990s based on security features visible). The front is a WWII-era Pacific emergency note; the back is a late-20th-century Central American banknote. These cannot be catalogued as a single item. For the New Caledonian note: emergency currency issued during Japanese threat to Pacific colonies, printed locally with minimal security features, withdrawn after Allied liberation 1944-1945. For the Nicaraguan note: part of post-Sandinista era Central Bank issues, modern intaglio printing with security thread visible.


country: Nicaragua
currency: Cordoba Oro
denomination: 1 Centavo
issuer: Banco Central de Nicaragua
signatures: Presidente: Francisco Mayorga; Primer Vice-Presidente: null; Ministro de Finanzas: null
material: paper
portrait_subject: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
themes: statesman
language_script: es
languages: es
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:38
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:48:38
front_description:
  Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (c. 1475–1526), Spanish conquistador who founded the first European settlements in Nicaragua in 1524, including Granada and León. He is considered the founder of Nicaragua and the country's currency, the córdoba, is named in his honour. The note shows his portrait at right with his name inscribed beside it.

back_description:
  The Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters building in Lagos, a modernist multi-story office complex that served as the administrative center of Nigeria's central banking operations. The building represents Nigeria's financial infrastructure and monetary sovereignty following independence.

historical_notes:
  MISMATCHED PAIR: The front image is a Nicaraguan 1 centavo de córdoba note (P-167, 1991 series) featuring Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, while the back image is a Nigerian 50 kobo note (P-14 series, 1973-1978) featuring the Central Bank of Nigeria building. These are two completely different banknotes from different countries, currencies, and time periods. The Nicaraguan note belongs to the 1991 fractional currency series issued during economic reforms. The Nigerian note is from the first naira/kobo series introduced after decimalization in 1973.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 20
series_name: Second Naira series
series_range: 1984–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Nigerian Pound
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: signature visible; Director of Domestic Operations: signature visible
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 151x78
watermark: Coat of arms visible in clear field at left on front
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #2e5f5f,#d4a574,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Herbert Macaulay
reverse_subject: Herbert Macaulay
themes: statesman,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-26
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Arabic
languages: en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:22
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:22
front_description:
  Nigerian coat of arms at center right showing the eagle with two white horses as supporters and the motto 'UNITY AND FAITH' on a ribbon below. The coat of arms was adopted in 1960 at independence and represents the strength and unity of the Nigerian nation. The shield depicts the meeting of Nigeria's two main rivers, the Niger and Benue, forming a Y-shape.

back_description:
  Herbert Macaulay (1864–1946), Nigerian nationalist, politician and engineer, known as the 'Father of Nigerian Nationalism'. He founded Nigeria's first political party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, and was a leading advocate for Nigerian independence from British colonial rule. He worked tirelessly for self-governance and social reform until his death.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Second Naira series issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria from 1984 to 1991. The naira was introduced in 1973, replacing the Nigerian pound at 2 naira = 1 pound. This series was withdrawn and demonetized in 1991 as part of anti-corruption measures. Herbert Macaulay appears on both the front (in watermark area, implied by design convention) and back. The serial number format 'B/OO COO C 43 986886' follows the Central Bank of Nigeria's standard prefix/suffix system of the period, though no documented serial-year encoding is known for this issuer.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 50 Kobo
series_range: 1973–1984
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
predecessor_currency: Nigerian pound
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: signature present but name illegible; Director: signature present but name illegible
printer: Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 151x77
watermark: Coat of arms of Nigeria in clear field at left center
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#a0522d
portrait_subject: Alvan Ikoku
reverse_subject: Traditional Nigerian agriculture scene with workers harvesting
themes: statesman,agriculture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-14c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin script on front; Latin and Arabic script on back
languages: en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:25
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:25
front_description:
  Traditional Nigerian agricultural scene depicting workers harvesting and processing crops, likely yams or similar staple food. The scene represents Nigeria's agricultural economy in the post-independence era, emphasizing the importance of farming to the nation's economy and food security. Three workers are shown engaged in crop processing near a waterway with palm trees in the background.

back_description:
  Alvan Ikoku (1900–1971), Nigerian educationist, statesman, and nationalist who served as a federal minister and was a prominent figure in Nigeria's independence movement. He was a strong advocate for educational reform and modernization in Nigeria, serving as Minister of Education in the Eastern Region and later as a federal minister. His portrait honors his contributions to Nigerian education and political development in the critical years surrounding independence.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the first decimal currency series issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria following decimalization in 1973, when Nigeria replaced the Nigerian pound with the naira and kobo (100 kobo = 1 naira). The 50 kobo denomination was part of the initial decimal series that circulated from 1973 through the mid-1980s. The serial prefix 'B/34' indicates a specific print run within the series. Alvan Ikoku was chosen to appear on this denomination as part of the Central Bank's policy of honoring significant Nigerian figures from various regions and backgrounds. This series was eventually replaced by coins for smaller denominations and redesigned banknotes. The note features traditional Nigerian geometric patterns in the borders, reflecting indigenous artistic heritage. The agricultural scene on the front emphasizes Nigeria's economic foundation in farming, particularly in the staple food crops that sustained the population.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 1
series_name: Second series
series_range: 1984–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
predecessor_currency: Nigerian pound
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: [illegible]; Chief of Banking Operations: [illegible]
printer: Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 151x78
watermark: Portrait of youth in clear field at left
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b4513,#d2b48c,#a0522d
portrait_subject: Young Nigerian person (representative portrait)
reverse_subject: Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters building in Lagos
themes: indigenous_culture,architecture
pick_number: P-23
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Arabic
languages: en,ha
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:26
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:26
front_description:
  Representative portrait of a young Nigerian person with traditional facial marks (tribal scarification), symbolizing Nigeria's diverse ethnic heritage. The note features the denomination 'ONE NAIRA' prominently displayed, with the Nigerian coat of arms at lower center showing two horses supporting a black shield with a white wavy band (representing the Niger River), topped by an eagle. The design emphasizes national identity and cultural pride through indigenous representation.

back_description:
  Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters building in Lagos, the modernist structure designed in the Brutalist architectural style and completed in the 1970s. The multi-story building, featuring characteristic horizontal lines of windows and concrete construction, served as the institution's main office during the period when Lagos was Nigeria's capital. Arabic script appears at center right, reflecting Nigeria's bilingual heritage (English and Hausa in Arabic script). The building represents the country's financial sovereignty and modern development.

historical_notes:
  This is part of Nigeria's second series of naira banknotes, introduced in 1984 following the first series issued in 1973 when Nigeria decimalized its currency (replacing the Nigerian pound with the naira at 2:1). The 1 naira note remained in circulation for decades as a workhorse denomination. The Central Bank of Nigeria was established in 1958, two years before independence, and moved to its Lagos headquarters shown on this note. The serial prefix 'DD/24' indicates a specific print run and series within the broader issue period. This design type with the youthful portrait and CBN building remained standard throughout the 1980s and 1990s until polymer notes were introduced for some denominations. The note is now withdrawn from active circulation but was demonetized only recently as Nigeria phases out lower-denomination notes due to inflation.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 20
series_name: Third series
series_range: 1984-2001
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2001
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: signed; Director of Domestic Operations: signed
printer: Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 151x78
watermark: General Murtala Muhammed portrait in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b7355,#2f4f4f,#556b2f
portrait_subject: General Murtala Muhammed
reverse_subject: General Murtala Muhammed
themes: military,statesman
pick_number: 26
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin and Arabic
languages: en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:48
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:49:48
front_description:
  General Murtala Ramat Muhammed (1938-1976), Nigerian military ruler who served as Head of State from July 1975 until his assassination in February 1976. He initiated major government reforms, including the relocation of the federal capital from Lagos to Abuja, and is remembered as a decisive and populist leader who fought corruption. The front features decorative geometric patterns and the denomination 'TEN NAIRA' (note: image shows ₦10 denomination on front while back shows ₦20, indicating a mismatched pair). Arabic script appears alongside English inscriptions.

back_description:
  General Murtala Ramat Muhammed (1938-1976) in military uniform with service decorations. The portrait shows him in formal military dress with medals and insignia. The Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters building appears faintly rendered in the background on the right side. The denomination 'TWENTY NAIRA' is prominently displayed along with the Central Bank of Nigeria name in both English and Arabic script. Serial number A/58 192150 is visible at upper right.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to Nigeria's third currency series issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria from 1984 through 2001. The series honours General Murtala Muhammed, who though his tenure lasted only seven months before his assassination in an attempted coup, became one of Nigeria's most celebrated leaders for his anti-corruption stance, administrative reforms, and nationalist foreign policy. All denominations in this series featured his portrait. The series was gradually withdrawn starting in the late 1990s and replaced by a new design series beginning in 2001. The visible signature appears to be from the 1990s governorship period. NOTE: The images show a mismatched pair - the front displays a ₦10 note while the back shows a ₦20 note. Both feature Murtala Muhammed but are from different denominations within the same series.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 1 Naira
series_name: Second series
series_range: 1984-present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2007
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: Abdulkadir Ahmed; Director of Currency Operations: [signature present]
printer: Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 151x78
watermark: Coat of arms of Nigeria in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b4545,#f5deb3,#2f4f2f
reverse_subject: General Murtala Ramat Mohammed
themes: military,statesman,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-20
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Arabic
languages: en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:09
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:09
front_description:
  Traditional Nigerian village scene depicting two figures carrying loads on their heads in front of thatched-roof huts, representing daily life and agricultural activities in rural Nigeria. This design emphasizes the cultural heritage and traditional lifestyle of Nigerian communities. The circular watermark area at left shows the national coat of arms featuring the black shield with wavy white bands representing the Niger and Benue rivers, supported by two horses, with the eagle of strength above. The denomination 'ONE NAIRA' appears at bottom, with decorative guilloche patterns throughout.

back_description:
  General Murtala Ramat Mohammed (1938–1976), Nigerian military officer who served as Head of State from July 1975 until his assassination in February 1976. During his brief tenure, Mohammed initiated major reforms including the purging of corrupt officials, the relocation of the federal capital to Abuja, and the creation of new states. He is remembered as one of Nigeria's most decisive and reform-minded leaders. His portrait appears at left, with Arabic script (عشرون نيرا) meaning 'Twenty Naira' visible in decorative panel at center-right. The serial number B/28 861858 appears at top right.

historical_notes:
  This 1 Naira note belongs to the second series of Nigerian banknotes issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria, introduced in 1984 following the military government's currency reforms. The series maintained the Naira and Kobo denominations established in 1973 when Nigeria decimalized its currency. The front depicts traditional Nigerian village life, emphasizing the nation's cultural roots and agricultural heritage. The back features General Murtala Mohammed, whose short-lived but impactful administration (July 1975 – February 1976) is widely regarded as a transformative period in Nigerian history. Mohammed's portrait was added to Nigerian currency to honor his legacy of anti-corruption measures and national development initiatives. This note was officially withdrawn from circulation in 2007 when polymer notes were introduced for lower denominations, though it remained legal tender for exchange. The serial format with prefix B/28 indicates this is from a later print run within the series. No known public serial-year encoding identified for this issuer.


country: North Korea
currency: KPW
denomination: 5000
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
issuer_native: 조선민주주의인민공화국중앙은행
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#d2691e
reverse_subject: Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
themes: architecture,commemorative
pick_number: 46
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Hangul (Korean script)
languages: ko
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:52
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:52
front_description:
  Traditional Korean multi-tiered pavilion architecture, depicting what appears to be a historic temple or palace complex with characteristic curved rooflines and multiple levels. The architectural motif represents Korean cultural heritage and traditional building styles that symbolize national identity. The note features elaborate guilloche patterns and Korean-language inscriptions indicating the issuing authority.

back_description:
  Kumsusan Palace of the Sun in Pyongyang, the mausoleum of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, formerly known as the Kumsusan Memorial Palace. This grand neoclassical building with its distinctive colonnaded facade serves as the resting place of North Korea's founding leader Kim Il-sung (d. 1994) and his son Kim Jong-il (d. 2011). The palace is one of the most significant political and ideological monuments in North Korea, representing the cult of personality surrounding the Kim dynasty. Magnolia blossoms appear at lower right, the national flower of North Korea.

historical_notes:
  This 5000 won note belongs to a series issued by the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, likely from the 1990s or early 2000s era based on design characteristics and the inclusion of Kumsusan Palace. The note was part of North Korea's currency system before the 2009 revaluation (which caused significant economic disruption and was later partially reversed). The visible serial number 'LA 959848' suggests this is from a specific print run, though North Korean serial number systems are not publicly well-documented. The note has been withdrawn from circulation following currency reforms. The use of Kumsusan Palace on the reverse reflects the building's transformation into a mausoleum after Kim Il-sung's death in 1994, suggesting issue after that date. Without a visible printed year and given limited public documentation of North Korean currency series, precise dating requires caution.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 20
series_name: Polymer series
series_year: 2024
series_range: 2024–present
issue_year: 2024
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
legal_status_date: 2024
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: Olayemi Michael Cardoso; Director of Currency Operations: W. Jamus Olayemi Folaji
material: polymer
dimensions_mm: 151x72
security_features: hologram,optically_variable_ink,see_through_register,windowed_thread,microprint
color_palette: #4a7c7c,#d4e6d4,#8b5a3c
portrait_subject: Murtala Ramat Mohammed
reverse_subject: Nigerian coat of arms
themes: statesman,military
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:57
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:50:57
front_description:
  Murtala Ramat Mohammed (1938–1976), Nigerian military general and Head of State who led the bloodless coup of July 1975. During his brief tenure (July 1975 – February 1976), Mohammed initiated major reforms including the beginning of Nigeria's capital move to Abuja, anti-corruption purges in the civil service, and decisive foreign policy actions supporting African liberation movements. He was assassinated in an attempted coup on 13 February 1976 and is revered as a national hero. The front also displays the Nigerian coat of arms with its black shield, silver wavy bands representing the Niger and Benue rivers, flanked by two white horses, topped by an eagle, and the motto 'Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress' on the scroll below.

back_description:
  Murtala Ramat Mohammed in military dress uniform at left, with the Nigerian coat of arms prominently displayed at right. The coat of arms features a black shield with a silver pall (Y-shaped band), representing the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers, supported by two white horses symbolizing dignity, flanked by red hibiscus flowers (the national flower), topped by an eagle representing strength, on a green and white wreath representing the fertile land. The serial number and 2024 date are clearly visible, indicating this is from the new polymer series introduced by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2024 to replace the older paper currency and enhance security features.

historical_notes:
  This is part of Nigeria's polymer banknote series introduced in 2024 by the Central Bank of Nigeria under Governor Olayemi Michael Cardoso. The redesign follows Nigeria's 2023 currency redesign policy and subsequent introduction of polymer substrates to combat counterfeiting and improve durability. The 20 Naira denomination has featured Murtala Mohammed since the 1984 design series, maintaining continuity with Nigeria's tradition of honouring its military leaders and founding fathers. The polymer series incorporates advanced security features including holograms, see-through registers, and optically variable ink. The 2024 date printed on this note confirms it as a current-issue specimen from the initial polymer print run. Nigeria transitioned to polymer for improved circulation life in its tropical climate and to address widespread counterfeiting of paper notes.


country: Nigeria
currency: NGN
denomination: 20
series_name: Polymer series
series_year: 2018
series_range: 2007–present
issue_year: 2018
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of Nigeria
signatures: Governor: Godwin I. Emefiele; Director of Currency Operations: Olufe Sanyaolu
material: polymer
dimensions_mm: 150x72
watermark: Nigerian coat of arms visible in clear polymer window
security_features: hologram, see_through_register, optically_variable_ink, microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8fad86,#2d4a2e
portrait_subject: Ladi Kwali
reverse_subject: Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
themes: artist,indigenous_culture,statesman
pick_number: P-34
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:51:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:51:17
front_description:
  Ladi Kwali (c. 1925–1984), renowned Nigerian potter from the Gwari people (Kaduna State). She was the first woman in Nigeria to become internationally recognized for her ceramic artistry, combining traditional Gwari coil-building techniques with modern studio pottery methods. Her work is held in collections worldwide including the British Museum. She is depicted seated at work, shaping a decorated pottery vessel with traditional tools, wearing traditional headwrap and dress. The caption reads 'LADI KWALI (POTTERY WORKS)' at the base of the vignette.

back_description:
  Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966), Nigeria's first and only Prime Minister, serving from independence in 1960 until his assassination in the 1966 military coup. A teacher, politician and founding father of modern Nigeria, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1960. He was a moderate leader who worked to unite Nigeria's diverse ethnic and religious groups during the early years of independence, and remains one of the nation's most honoured statesmen.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to Nigeria's polymer banknote series introduced by the Central Bank of Nigeria beginning in 2007 to combat counterfeiting and improve durability in Nigeria's tropical climate. The 20 naira polymer note was issued with the 2018 signature combination of Governor Godwin Emefiele (in office 2014–2023) and Director of Currency Operations Olufe Sanyaolu. The front honours Ladi Kwali, celebrating Nigerian indigenous craft and the role of women in Nigerian culture and economy. The back honours Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, founding Prime Minister. The design includes advanced security features typical of polymer substrates: transparent window with coat of arms, see-through register elements, and optically variable ink. Nigeria's polymer series is part of ongoing currency modernization while maintaining the naira as legal tender since its introduction in 1973 (replacing the Nigerian pound).


country: North Korea
currency: KPW
denomination: 10000
series_name: Socialist Won series
series_year: 2003
series_range: 2002–2009
issue_year: 2003
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2009-11-30
predecessor_currency: Second Won
successor_currency: Fourth Won
issuer: Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
issuer_native: 조선민주주의인민공화국중앙은행
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x73
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #d4c5b0,#8b7355,#e8d9c5
reverse_subject: Magnolia flowers
themes: industry,architecture,agriculture
pick_number: CS12
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Hangul
languages: ko
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:51:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:51:17
front_description:
  The Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, a 105-story pyramid-shaped skyscraper construction project begun in 1987. The hotel was intended as a symbol of North Korean progress and modernity but remained unfinished for decades. The note also depicts industrial and agricultural scenes representing socialist economic development, including factory buildings and construction cranes, symbolizing the state's emphasis on heavy industry and collective farming under the Juche ideology.

back_description:
  Magnolia flowers (Magnolia sieboldii), the national flower of North Korea, depicted in detailed engraving. The magnolia symbolizes purity, nobility, and perseverance in Korean culture and has been associated with the Korean peninsula for centuries. The note features the state emblem of North Korea at center top, showing the hydroelectric dam, Mount Paektu, and a red star, representing the revolutionary struggle and socialist construction.

historical_notes:
  This 10,000 won note belongs to the Third Won series issued in 2002–2009, bearing the printed date 주체 92 (2003) — Juche year 92, corresponding to 2003 CE in the North Korean calendar system based on Kim Il-sung's birth year 1912. This series was part of a major currency reform that redenominated the won, replacing the Second Won at a rate of 1:1. The Third Won suffered severe hyperinflation during this period, and these high-denomination notes became necessary for everyday transactions. The currency was abruptly withdrawn in a dramatic revaluation on November 30, 2009, when the Fourth Won replaced it at a rate of 100:1, with exchange limits that wiped out private savings and caused significant economic hardship. The Ryugyong Hotel depicted on the front remained a hollow concrete shell for years and became known as 'the worst building in the history of mankind'; exterior work resumed in 2008 but the building remains largely unused. The serial number format 'ㅍㄷ 109046' uses Korean consonants as prefix indicators.


country: South Korea
currency: KRW
denomination: 10 won / 5 won
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: Bank of Korea
issuer_native: 한국은행
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#8b7355,#f5f5f5
language_script: Hangul (Korean alphabet)
languages: ko
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:05
front_description:
  This appears to be a dual-denomination specimen or proof note displaying both 10 won (front) and 5 won (reverse) values. The front shows the numeral '10' in a guilloche rosette at center with Korean text '십원' (ten won) in a decorative box at right. The hangul character '십' appears in a box at lower left. The design features intricate line work and security patterns typical of mid-20th century Korean currency.

back_description:
  The reverse displays the numeral '5' in a guilloche rosette at center with Korean text '오원' (five won) in a decorative box at right. The hangul character '오' appears in a box at lower left. The color scheme shifts to purple-red tones. This dual-denomination format suggests this is a specimen, proof, or sample note rather than a circulated banknote.

historical_notes:
  This note represents an unusual dual-denomination format showing both 10 won and 5 won values on opposite sides. Such pieces were typically produced as specimens, proofs, or printer's samples rather than for circulation. The Bank of Korea (한국은행) has issued won currency since 1950 following the establishment of the Republic of Korea. Small denomination notes like 5 and 10 won were common in the early decades but were eventually replaced by coins as inflation reduced their purchasing power. The simple geometric design with guilloche rosettes and minimal imagery is characteristic of early South Korean banknote design. Without visible signatures, dates, or serial numbers, and given the unusual dual-denomination format, this is most likely a specimen or sample piece. The exact series and issue date cannot be determined from the available evidence.


country: North Korea
currency: KPW
denomination: 5 Won (front) / 10 Won (back)
series_name: 1988 Won series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1988–1992
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1992
successor_currency: Second Won
issuer: Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
issuer_native: 조선민주주의인민공화국 중앙은행
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a8,#8b7355,#4a4a4a
themes: industry,architecture
language_script: Hangul (Korean script), Hanja numerals
languages: ko
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:07
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:07
front_description:
  Supung Dam (Sup'ung Hydroelectric Power Station), one of the largest hydroelectric facilities in East Asia at the time of its construction in 1943. Located on the Yalu River between North Korea and China, the dam was a symbol of industrial development and featured prominently on North Korean currency. The infrastructure includes massive spillways, power transmission towers, and electrical transformers representing the nation's electrification efforts.

back_description:
  National emblem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at upper right, featuring a hydroelectric power station within a wreath of rice, surmounted by a red star. The denomination '10' appears in a central guilloche rosette. The text includes 'Foreign Exchange Certificate' (외화바꿈표) in Korean, indicating this is a special-use note. The year '1988' is printed at lower right, with the word '십전' (10 won) at the bottom.

historical_notes:
  This note exhibits a significant mismatch: the front displays a 5 Won denomination featuring the Supung Dam, while the back shows a 10 Won Foreign Exchange Certificate dated 1988. North Korea issued separate series of domestic currency and foreign exchange certificates (FEC) during this period, with FECs used in special shops and hotels for foreigners. The 1988 series was part of the first won monetary system (1947–1992), which was replaced during severe economic crisis. This mismatched pairing likely represents two different notes photographed together, not the front and back of a single note. The serial number '01 005351' on the back belongs to the 10 Won FEC.


country: North Korea
currency: KPW
denomination: 5 Chon
series_name: Foreign Exchange Certificate - Socialist Visitors
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1988–2002
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002
issuer: Foreign Trade Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
issuer_native: 조선민주주의인민공화국 무역은행
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 110x55
color_palette: #c85a5a,#f5e6e6,#8b4a4a
themes: industry
pick_number: P-32
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Hangul (Chosŏn'gŭl)
languages: ko
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:12
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:12
front_description:
  North Korean Foreign Exchange Certificate for 5 chon, issued by the Foreign Trade Bank of the DPRK for use by visitors from socialist countries. Features the national emblem of North Korea (depicting Mount Paektu with a hydroelectric dam, a red star, and rice ears bound with a red ribbon) at upper right. The header text '외화와 바꾼 돈 표' indicates 'money exchanged for foreign currency'. This red-tinted note was part of a parallel currency system restricting foreigners' purchasing power.

back_description:
  The second image shows a different denomination (1 chon) from the same series, indicating a mismatched pair. This 1 chon note bears identical design elements: the DPRK national emblem, Foreign Trade Bank issuer text, and 1988 date, but with denomination '1' in the central rosette and '일전' (1 chon) at lower right.

historical_notes:
  North Korea operated a complex foreign exchange certificate (FEC) system from 1988 to 2002, with different colored notes for different visitor categories: red/pink for visitors from socialist countries, blue for visitors from capitalist countries, and green for DPRK citizens with foreign currency. These certificates had no value outside designated shops and were part of the regime's isolation of foreigners from the domestic economy. The socialist-visitor series (pink/red) was typically used by visitors from China, the Soviet Union, and other aligned nations. The system was abolished in 2002 when the won was revalued.


country: North Korea
currency: KPW
denomination: 5 Won
series_name: 2002 series
series_year: 2002
series_range: 2002–present
issue_year: 2002
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
issuer_native: 조선민주주의인민공화국 중앙은행
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #f5deb3,#c19a6b,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Student and worker
reverse_subject: Student and worker
themes: education,industry,science
pick_number: CS11
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Korean (Hangul)
languages: ko
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:16
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:16
front_description:
  Trial specimen note ('시용설명서' / trial explanation note) for the 2002 series 10,000 won denomination, displaying Korean-language instructions and authentication features. This is a demonstration piece showing how to validate genuine currency of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, with text explaining verification procedures and penalty clauses for counterfeiting ('사용권의 녀 리자는 4%이며' referencing interest rates, and warnings about unauthorized reproduction under criminal law).

back_description:
  Student and worker depicted side by side, representing the alliance of intellectuals and laborers central to North Korean state ideology. The student wears glasses and the worker is shown in working attire. Behind them are symbols of scientific and industrial progress including an atomic symbol, representing the DPRK's emphasis on science, technology, and industrial development. This pairing has been a consistent motif in North Korean currency since the socialist period, embodying the 'worker-peasant-intellectual' alliance.

historical_notes:
  This is a specimen or trial note ('건 본' visible in red overprint, meaning 'specimen') from North Korea's 2002 currency series, which introduced updated designs while maintaining traditional socialist iconography. The serial numbers '라ㄷ 0000000' are specimen zeros. The 2002 series represented a redenomination period following economic difficulties in the 1990s. North Korea has issued several currency reforms, including major redenominations in 2009. The text on the front is a trial/specimen explanation sheet showing authentication instructions that would be circulated to businesses and officials. The year '주체91' visible references the Juche calendar (Juche 91 = 2002 CE, counting from Kim Il-sung's birth year 1912). The actual circulating 5 won note from this series would have standard front and back designs, not this specimen/trial format.


country: Oman
currency: OMR
denomination: 100 Baisa
series_name: Fourth series
series_year: 1995
series_range: 1995-2000
issue_year: 1995
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2008
successor_currency: Omani Rial (continued, baisa notes withdrawn)
issuer: Central Bank of Oman
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العماني
printer: Thomas De La Rue
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 147x70
watermark: Sultan Qaboos bin Said in clear field at left
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c8585f,#f5e6d3,#4a7c7c
portrait_subject: Sultan Qaboos bin Said
reverse_subject: Oasis with falaj irrigation system
themes: monarch,agriculture,architecture
pick_number: 31
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:41
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:52:41
front_description:
  Sultan Qaboos bin Said al-Said (1940–2020), Sultan of Oman from 1970 to 2020. He deposed his father in a palace coup and modernized Oman, ending the Dhofar Rebellion, abolishing slavery, and using oil revenues to build infrastructure and education. He is commemorated on Omani currency as the architect of modern Oman. The front shows the denomination '1' in Korean Hangul script ('일전', meaning 'one jeon'), which appears to be a mismatched element—this is actually an Omani 100 Baisa note with Arabic script, not Korean. The visible Arabic text reads 'مائة بيسة' (one hundred baisa).

back_description:
  Sultan Qaboos bin Said al-Said wearing traditional Omani dress and turban. The inscription at top reads 'البنك المركزي العماني' (Central Bank of Oman), with denomination 'مائة بيسة' (one hundred baisa). The left side features a traditional Omani oasis scene with date palms and a falaj (traditional irrigation system), representing Oman's agricultural heritage and ancient water management systems that are UNESCO World Heritage sites. The national emblem of Oman (crossed khanjar daggers and sword) appears at upper left. Date printed as '1416 هـ / 1995 م' (1416 AH / 1995 CE).

historical_notes:
  This 100 Baisa note belongs to the fourth series of Omani currency issued in 1995 by the Central Bank of Oman. The Omani Rial is divided into 1000 baisa. Small denomination baisa notes (including 100 and 200 baisa) were gradually withdrawn from circulation in the 2000s as coins replaced them; by 2008 most baisa notes had been demonetized. The 1995 series featured enhanced security features and continued the tradition of honouring Sultan Qaboos, who ruled for 50 years until his death in 2020. Printed by Thomas De La Rue of London. Serial number visible: ج/٢٠٢٢٢٦٧١٥ (J/20222671[5]).


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 10 Rupees
series_range: 1976-1984
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x65
watermark: Muhammad Ali Jinnah portrait
security_features: watermark,intaglio
color_palette: #8b7d6b,#d4c5a9,#5a6b4d
portrait_subject: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
reverse_subject: Mohenjo-daro archaeological site
themes: statesman,architecture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 28
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Urdu (Nastaliq)
languages: en,ur
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:53:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:53:17
front_description:
  Mohenjo-daro, one of the major cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500–1900 BCE), located in Sindh province, Pakistan. The ruins represent one of the earliest major urban settlements in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site; the depiction shows the Great Bath and residential structures of this Bronze Age city, emphasizing Pakistan's ancient cultural heritage.

back_description:
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, widely known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). A barrister and statesman who led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, achieving the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation in 1947; he is the most honoured figure in Pakistani history and appears on all denominations of Pakistani currency.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the State Bank of Pakistan series issued from 1976 to 1984 following the 1971 redesign that removed Bengali script after the independence of Bangladesh. The design features the iconic pairing of Jinnah's portrait (present on all Pakistani banknotes) with Mohenjo-daro on the 10 rupee denomination, linking Pakistan's modern foundation to its ancient Indus Valley heritage. The serial prefix 'FAX' indicates this is from a later printing within the series run. These notes were gradually withdrawn from circulation in the 1980s and replaced by subsequent series with updated security features.


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 10
series_range: 1983–1999
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1953
predecessor_currency: Indian Rupee
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
printer: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x70
watermark: Portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#8b7355,#e8d4c8
portrait_subject: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
reverse_subject: Bab-e-Khyber (Khyber Pass gate)
themes: statesman,architecture,military
pick_number: 39
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Urdu (Nastaliq script), English (Latin script)
languages: ur,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:53:19
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:40
front_description:
  Bab-e-Khyber, the gate at the Khyber Pass near Peshawar, marking the historic entrance to the Indian subcontinent through the Hindu Kush mountains. The Khyber Pass has been strategically and historically significant for millennia as a trade and invasion route connecting Central Asia with South Asia. The fort structure shown features characteristic battlements and towers typical of Mughal-era frontier fortifications.

back_description:
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, universally known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). A barrister by training, Jinnah led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, successfully advocating for the creation of an independent Muslim state that became Pakistan in 1947. He is the most honoured figure on Pakistani currency and appears on virtually all Pakistani banknotes since independence.

historical_notes:
  This 10 Rupees note belongs to the series issued by the State Bank of Pakistan from the mid-1980s through the 1990s, replacing earlier designs. The P-39 series features Jinnah on the reverse (right side when viewing back) and various Pakistani landmarks on the front. The Bab-e-Khyber gate symbolizes Pakistan's northwestern frontier heritage and the Pashtun regions. Serial number format 'AAC0440775' with letter prefix 'AAC' is consistent with Pakistani printing practices of the era. This design was eventually replaced by updated security-feature versions and newer series in the early 2000s. The note was printed by Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) at their Karachi facility.


country: Oman
currency: OMR
denomination: 100
series_name: Fifth issue
series_year: 1995
series_range: 1995–2000
issue_year: 1995
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2000
predecessor_currency: Omani Rial (Fourth issue)
successor_currency: Omani Rial (Sixth issue)
issuer: Central Bank of Oman
issuer_native: بنك مركزي عماني
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 165x75
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b9f7b,#d4c5b0,#1a1a1a
reverse_subject: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
themes: wildlife,architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-32
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin script on front; Arabic and Urdu script on back
languages: en,ar,ur
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:53:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:53:43
front_description:
  Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), the national animal of Oman, shown prominently at center alongside a Sooty falcon (Falco concolor). The Arabian oryx was extinct in the wild by 1972 but successfully reintroduced through captive breeding programs, making it a symbol of conservation success and Omani environmental heritage. Traditional Omani fort and dhow imagery appear in the background, representing the country's maritime trading history and architectural legacy. Arabian gazelles are depicted in the landscape.

back_description:
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), founder and first Governor-General of Pakistan, wearing formal Western attire with traditional karakul cap. Jinnah led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, achieving the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation in 1947. His portrait appears with the State Bank of Pakistan emblem and Urdu script identifying the issuing authority.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL MISMATCH IDENTIFIED: The front depicts an Omani 100 Baisa note from the Central Bank of Oman (Fifth issue, 1995), while the back shows a Pakistani 10 Rupees note featuring Muhammad Ali Jinnah, issued by the State Bank of Pakistan. These are NOT the front and back of the same banknote. The Omani 100 Baisa note (P-32) from the 1995 series was part of a redesign emphasizing Omani wildlife and cultural heritage. The actual reverse of P-32 features Nizwa Fort and traditional Omani architecture. The Pakistani note shown is from a different country, currency, and denomination entirely. The serial number 'HAK8643291' visible on the Pakistan note cannot correspond to the Omani note serial '1416 H/1995 G' visible on the front. The date notation '1416 H' refers to the Islamic calendar year 1416 AH (approximately 1995–1996 CE), consistent with the 1995 issue year.


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 10 Rupees (front) / 500 Rupees (back)
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
material: paper
color_palette: #8b7355,#d4c5a9,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
reverse_subject: Mohenjo-Daro
themes: statesman,architecture
language_script: Latin, Urdu (Nastaliq)
languages: en,ur
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:05
front_description:
  View of Mohenjo-daro archaeological site, one of the major settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500–1900 BCE), located in Sindh province. The site features the Great Bath, residential structures, and the Stupa mound, representing Pakistan's ancient heritage. Mohenjo-daro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and among the earliest major urban settlements in South Asia.

back_description:
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). He was a barrister, politician and statesman who led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, achieving the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation in 1947. Jinnah appears on virtually all Pakistani banknotes as the nation's founding father.

historical_notes:
  This appears to be a mismatched pair: the front shows a 10 Rupees note from the State Bank of Pakistan featuring Mohenjo-daro, while the back shows a 500 Rupees note featuring Muhammad Ali Jinnah with serial number AK0040323. The front is from an early series (likely 1970s-1980s based on design style and monochrome green-brown printing), while the back is from a later multicolored series (likely 1980s-1990s). Pakistani rupee notes from this era typically featured Jinnah on the obverse and various national landmarks, monuments, or economic scenes on the reverse. Without a matching pair, precise dating and Pick catalogue references cannot be reliably determined.


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 5
series_name: 1981-1982 Issue
series_range: 1981-1999
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 1999
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: حکومت پاکستان
printer: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 142x70
watermark: Crescent and star
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b7355,#d4c5b0,#f5e6d3
reverse_subject: National symbols of Pakistan
themes: architecture,transport,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 38
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Urdu (Nastaliq)
languages: en,ur
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:40
front_description:
  The Khyber Pass gateway (Bab-e-Khyber), the historic mountain pass connecting Pakistan and Afghanistan through the Hindu Kush range. The pass has been a critical trade and invasion route for millennia, linking Central and South Asia. The fortified gate shown is a symbol of Pakistan's northwestern frontier and appears alongside railway tracks, representing the Khyber Pass Railway completed by the British in 1925, an engineering feat featuring 34 tunnels and 92 bridges through treacherous mountain terrain.

back_description:
  National symbols of Pakistan including the crescent moon and five-pointed star from the Pakistani flag, representing progress and light/knowledge respectively, alongside geometric Islamic patterns. The design incorporates traditional Mughal decorative motifs with arabesque patterns, reflecting Pakistan's Islamic heritage and cultural identity established at independence in 1947.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1981-1982 issue series of Pakistani rupees, printed by the Pakistan Security Printing Corporation. The series was in circulation from 1981 until approximately 1999 when it was replaced by updated designs. The serial number prefix 'AZ' indicates a specific print run within this series. The Khyber Pass imagery emphasizes Pakistan's geopolitical and historical significance as a crossroads of civilizations, while the reverse celebrates the Islamic Republic's national identity through religious and cultural symbolism. This 5 rupee denomination was a common circulating note during Pakistan's economic development period of the 1980s and 1990s.


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 1 Rupee and 10 Rupees
issue_year: 2023
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b6f47,#e8d4b8,#d4a574
portrait_subject: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
reverse_subject: State Bank of Pakistan building, Karachi
themes: statesman,architecture
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Urdu (Nastaliq)
languages: en,ur
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:56
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:54:56
front_description:
  The State Bank of Pakistan building in Karachi on the 1 Rupee note. The State Bank building, headquarters of Pakistan's central bank, is a landmark of modernist architecture in Karachi, designed and built in the mid-20th century. The front of the 1 Rupee note shows this institutional building with Islamic geometric ornamental borders, representing the authority and stability of Pakistan's monetary system.

back_description:
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, appears on the 10 Rupees note back. Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader), was a lawyer and politician who led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, successfully achieving the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation in 1947. His portrait appears on virtually all denominations of Pakistani currency as the founding father of the nation.

historical_notes:
  This image shows two different Pakistani banknotes photographed together: the front of a 1 Rupee note and the back of a 10 Rupees note dated 2023. The 1 Rupee note is among the smallest denominations in Pakistani currency and features the State Bank headquarters building. The 10 Rupees note bears Jinnah's portrait, continuing Pakistan's long tradition of honoring its founder on currency. The serial number CEQ2569199 is visible on the 10 Rupees note. Pakistani banknotes have undergone multiple series changes since independence in 1947, with modern issues featuring enhanced security features and updated designs while retaining traditional iconography.


country: Pakistan
currency: PKR
denomination: 500
series_range: 1986–2006
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2006
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
printer: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 165x73
watermark: Portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
security_features: thread,watermark,intaglio
color_palette: #4a6b5a,#d4c4b0,#8b7355
reverse_subject: State Bank of Pakistan Building, Islamabad
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-42
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic,Latin
languages: ur,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:55:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:55:06
front_description:
  The State Bank of Pakistan headquarters building in Islamabad, a modernist architectural complex featuring a distinctive tall tower and lower administrative wings set against the Margalla Hills. The building serves as the central bank's main office, symbolizing Pakistan's monetary authority and economic sovereignty. Islamic geometric patterns appear in the decorative panel at left.

back_description:
  This image shows a Pakistan 10 Rupee note featuring Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), the founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, known as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader). Jinnah was a lawyer and politician who led the All-India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement, resulting in the creation of Pakistan in 1947. This appears to be from the 2017 issue based on the printed date visible.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL: These two images are NOT matching front and back of the same note. The first image shows a 500 Rupee note from the old series (P-42, issued 1986–2006) featuring the State Bank building. The second image shows a 10 Rupee note from the current series (2006 onward, P-45l based on 2017 date) featuring Jinnah. The 500 Rupee note was part of the pre-2006 series before the comprehensive redesign that introduced the current uniform Jinnah portrait series. The old 500 was replaced by a redesigned 500 (P-49) featuring Jinnah on front and the Badshahi Mosque on back.


country: Pakistan
currency: Rupee
denomination: 10 Rupees
series_range: 1985–2006
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2006
issuer: State Bank of Pakistan
issuer_native: بینک دولت پاکستان
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 147x65
watermark: Portrait of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
security_features: microprint, thread
color_palette: #cccc99,#f5d5f5,#b68834
portrait_subject: Khyber Pass
themes: architecture
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic
languages: ur
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:55:19
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:55:19
front_description:
  Bab-e-Khyber (Khyber Gate), the iconic stone gateway at the entrance to the Khyber Pass near Peshawar, Pakistan. Built in 1964, this fort-like structure with its twin cylindrical towers marks the western end of the famous mountain pass connecting Pakistan to Afghanistan. The gateway flies the Pakistani flag and serves as both a historic landmark and symbolic entry point to the tribal regions.

back_description:
  Paraguayan Soldier ('Soldado Paraguayo') depicted in military uniform with rifle, representing the soldiers who fought in the Chaco War (1932-1935) against Bolivia. The coat of arms of Paraguay appears at left with the motto 'Paz y Justicia' (Peace and Justice). This design honors Paraguay's military history and national defense.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL: These two images are NOT the front and back of the same banknote. The 'front' image shows a Pakistan 10 Rupees note from the State Bank of Pakistan's current series (2006-present), featuring the Khyber Pass gateway. The 'back' image shows a Paraguay 1 Guaraní note from Banco Central del Paraguay, printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited under Decreto Ley No. 18 of March 25, 1952. The Paraguay note was issued in various printings from 1952 onwards. These are two completely different banknotes from different countries.


country: Peru
currency: Sol de Oro
denomination: 1000 Soles de Oro
series_name: Sol de Oro series
series_range: 1979-1985
issue_year: 1981
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1985
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Inti
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
printer: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato - Roma
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 155x70
watermark: Portrait of Miguel Grau in clear field
security_features: watermark, intaglio, microprint, security_thread
color_palette: #2d5f4f,#d4a574,#c89664
portrait_subject: Miguel Grau Seminario
reverse_subject: Peruvian Navy biplane aircraft
themes: military, transport, statesman
pick_number: 122
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:00
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:00
signatures:
  Presidente: [signature present]; Gerente General: [signature present]; Director: [signature present]

front_description:
  Peruvian Navy biplane aircraft in flight over coastal landscape. The design honors Peru's early aviation history and the contributions of the Peruvian Navy Air Service. The aircraft depicted represents the pioneering era of Peruvian military aviation in the early 20th century, connecting to the nation's maritime and defense traditions. The denomination appears as 'DIEZ NUEVOS SOLES' overprinted on the original '1000 SOLES DE ORO' note.

back_description:
  Miguel Grau Seminario (1834-1879), Grand Admiral of the Peruvian Navy and Peru's most celebrated naval hero. He commanded the ironclad Huáscar during the War of the Pacific against Chile and died in the Battle of Angamos on October 8, 1879. Known as 'El Caballero de los Mares' (The Gentleman of the Seas) for his chivalry in combat, Grau is considered Peru's greatest military hero and a symbol of national honor and maritime tradition. The coat of arms of Peru appears at center.

historical_notes:
  This note was issued on November 5, 1981 (as printed on the back) during the Sol de Oro period (1863-1985). The Sol de Oro experienced severe depreciation during Peru's economic crisis of the 1980s, leading to hyperinflation. This particular note shows an overprint of 'DIEZ NUEVOS SOLES' on the front, indicating it was revalued during the currency reform when the Inti replaced the Sol de Oro in 1985 at a rate of 1 Inti = 1000 Soles de Oro. The note was printed by the Italian State Printing Works (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) in Rome. The pairing of Grau with naval aviation imagery reinforces Peru's maritime military heritage.


country: Peru
currency: PEN
denomination: 1000
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1985–1991
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991-07-01
predecessor_currency: Sol de Oro
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Director: (signature); Presidente: (signature); Gerente General: (signature)
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x70
watermark: Portrait in clear field at right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,see_through_register
color_palette: #8fbc8f,#daa520,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Miguel Grau Seminario
reverse_subject: Peruvian fishermen and fishing industry
themes: military,industry,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-136b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:03
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:03
front_description:
  Peruvian artisanal fishermen hauling fishing nets on a traditional beach scene, with sailing vessels in the background. This scene represents Peru's vital fishing industry, one of the world's largest, centered on the anchovy catch from the nutrient-rich Humboldt Current. The denomination 'MIL SOLES DE ORO' (1000 Soles de Oro) is shown, though this was printed during the Inti currency period following Peru's 1985 currency reform that replaced the Sol with the Inti at 1000:1.

back_description:
  Miguel Grau Seminario (1834–1879), Peruvian naval officer and national hero known as 'El Caballero de los Mares' (The Gentleman of the Seas). Admiral Grau commanded the ironclad warship Huáscar during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) against Chile. He died heroically in the Battle of Angamos on October 8, 1879, and is among Peru's most revered military figures. The Peruvian coat of arms appears at center, flanked by traditional Peruvian motifs. Date printed as '28 DE JUNIO DE 1988'.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Peruvian Inti series (1985–1991), introduced during President Alan García's first administration to combat hyperinflation. The Inti replaced the Sol de Oro at a rate of 1 Inti = 1,000 Soles de Oro. Despite the reform, hyperinflation continued, and by 1990 Peru experienced one of the worst hyperinflation episodes in world history. The Inti was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1 Nuevo Sol = 1,000,000 Intis. The note is dated June 28, 1988, a specific issue date printed on the back. The denomination is labeled 'MIL SOLES DE ORO' (1000 Soles de Oro), which was the naming convention carried over during the early Inti period before denomination names were updated. The Pick catalogue reference P-136b represents the 1988 issue with specific signature combinations. The serial number B9255845R includes the suffix 'R', which may indicate a specific printing series or replacement note status, though Peruvian replacement note conventions for this period are not definitively documented in standard references.


country: Paraguay
currency: PYG
denomination: 1
series_name: Ley N° 18 series
series_year: 1952
series_range: 1952–1963
issue_year: 1952
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1963
predecessor_currency: Peso
successor_currency: Guaraní (new)
issuer: Banco Central del Paraguay
issuer_native: BANCO CENTRAL DEL PARAGUAY
signatures: Gerente: [signature]; Presidente: [signature]
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 156x67
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #2d5016,#e8d7c3,#1a1a1a
reverse_subject: Paraguayan soldier
themes: architecture,military,statesman
pick_number: P-193b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:04
front_description:
  Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace) in Asunción, the seat of the National Congress of Paraguay. Constructed in various phases beginning in 1857 and completed in the early 20th century, this neoclassical building with its distinctive arcaded façade is one of Paraguay's most important government buildings. The inscription 'PALACIO LEGISLATIVO' identifies the structure below the main vignette. The note is denominated '1 UN GUARANÍ' and bears the legend 'REPÚBLICA DEL PARAGUAY' at top.

back_description:
  A Paraguayan soldier in traditional uniform standing at right, labeled 'SOLDADO PARAGUAYO' (Paraguayan soldier), representing the military heritage of Paraguay. At left is the national seal of Paraguay showing a lion and the motto 'PAZ Y JUSTICIA' (Peace and Justice) within the text 'REPÚBLICA DEL PARAGUAY'. The central guilloche contains the denomination 'UN GUARANÍ'. The issuing authority 'BANCO CENTRAL DEL PARAGUAY' appears at top, with text indicating the note's legal tender status under Law N° 18 of March 25, 1952.

historical_notes:
  This 1 Guaraní note was issued under Ley N° 18 del 25 de Marzo de 1952 (Law No. 18 of March 25, 1952), which established the Guaraní as Paraguay's new currency, replacing the peso at a rate of 100 pesos = 1 guaraní. The Ley N° 18 series was printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company and circulated from 1952 until being replaced by a new guaraní series in 1963. This first guaraní series featured architectural and military themes emphasizing Paraguayan national identity during the post-Chaco War era. The note's legal tender statement explicitly references the enabling legislation. The Guaraní currency unit takes its name from the indigenous Guaraní people, the predominant ethnic group of Paraguay.


country: Paraguay
currency: Guarani
denomination: 1 Guarani
issuer: Banco Central del Paraguay
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited
material: paper
themes: architecture
language_script: es
languages: es
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:23
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:23
front_description:
  This image shows a 1 Guaraní note from the República del Paraguay featuring the Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace) in Asunción. The palace, constructed in the early 20th century, serves as the seat of Paraguay's National Congress. The note is printed by Thomas de la Rue & Company, Limited, as indicated at the bottom of the note. The design features ornate green guilloche patterns framing the denomination '1' in each corner, with the central vignette showing the neoclassical facade of the Legislative Palace with its colonnade and pediment.

back_description:
  This image shows a 10 Nuevos Soles note from Peru issued by the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, dated 10 de Setiembre de 1992. The note features José Abelardo Quiñones Gonzales (1914–1941), a Peruvian military aviator and national hero who died during the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941 when he deliberately crashed his damaged aircraft into an Ecuadorian position rather than abandon his mission. He was posthumously promoted to Captain and is regarded as Peru's greatest aviation hero. The reverse shows an aircraft and military scene commemorating his sacrifice. The serial number visible is A7241226F.

historical_notes:
  These two images appear to be from completely different banknotes: the front shows a Paraguayan 1 Guaraní note (likely from the 1950s–1960s era based on the Thomas de la Rue printing and design style), while the back shows a Peruvian 10 Nuevos Soles note from 1992. The Paraguayan Guaraní has been the currency of Paraguay since 1944, replacing the peso at 100 pesos = 1 guaraní. The Peruvian Nuevo Sol was introduced in 1991 to replace the Inti (which itself had replaced the Sol de Oro during hyperinflation), at a rate of 1,000,000 intis = 1 nuevo sol. The 1992 Peruvian note is part of the first series of Nuevos Soles notes. These images do not represent the front and back of the same banknote.


country: Peru
currency: Inti
denomination: 1000 Intis
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1987
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1987
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol de Oro
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
issuer_native: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Director: [signature]; Presidente: [signature]; Gerente General: [signature]
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
watermark: Portrait of Ricardo Palma in clear field
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a76a,#c48b9f,#6b8e9a
portrait_subject: Ricardo Palma
reverse_subject: Ruins of Chan Chan
themes: writer,indigenous_culture,architecture
pick_number: 136
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:26
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:56:26
front_description:
  Ruins of Chan Chan, the largest pre-Columbian adobe city in the Americas, located near Trujillo in northern Peru. Built by the Chimú civilization around 850 CE and serving as their capital until conquest by the Inca Empire around 1470, Chan Chan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and represents one of the most significant archaeological sites in Peru. The ruins feature intricate geometric patterns and frieze decorations characteristic of Chimú architecture.

back_description:
  Ricardo Palma (1833-1919), Peruvian author, scholar, librarian, and politician, best known as the creator of the literary genre 'tradiciones' (traditions), which blended historical fact with fiction to portray colonial and early republican Peru. He served as director of the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú (National Library of Peru) from 1884 to 1912, where he rebuilt the institution after its destruction during the War of the Pacific. The national coat of arms of Peru appears at center, featuring the vicuña, cinchona tree, and cornucopia.

historical_notes:
  This note is from Peru's Inti currency series, issued during a period of severe hyperinflation. The Inti was introduced on February 1, 1985, replacing the Sol de Oro at a rate of 1 Inti = 1,000 Soles de Oro. The date printed on this note is '26 DE JUNIO DE 1987', indicating a mid-series issue. The Inti itself rapidly lost value due to continuing hyperinflation, with inflation rates exceeding 7,000% by 1990. The currency was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1 Nuevo Sol = 1,000,000 Intis. The series featured prominent Peruvian cultural and historical figures on the reverse and significant archaeological and natural sites on the front. Thomas De La Rue, the British security printer, produced these notes. The 1000 Intis denomination represents the hyperinflationary pressures of the late 1980s, as the government issued increasingly high-value notes to keep pace with price increases.


country: Peru
currency: PEN
denomination: 50 Intis
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1987
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1987
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol de Oro
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Presidente: signature visible; Director Gerente General: signature visible
material: paper
watermark: Portrait of Ramón Castilla in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #d2691e,#f5deb3,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Ramón Castilla
reverse_subject: Industrial oil extraction scene
themes: statesman,military,industry
pick_number: 131
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:06
front_description:
  Industrial oil extraction scene depicting Peru's petroleum industry with oil derrick, storage tanks, and workers. The imagery represents Peru's economic development and natural resource extraction during the 1980s, a period when the country sought to modernize its industrial infrastructure despite severe economic challenges including hyperinflation that led to the introduction of the Inti currency.

back_description:
  Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797-1867), Peruvian military leader and president who served four terms between 1845 and 1867. He is honored on Peruvian currency for abolishing slavery in Peru (1854), modernizing the state, establishing the first railroad and telegraph systems, and promoting education and constitutional reform. The note features the coat of arms of Peru with its iconic vicuña, cinchona tree, and cornucopia symbolizing the nation's natural wealth. Date printed: 26 DE JUNIO DE 1987.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti series (1985-1991), Peru's short-lived currency introduced to replace the Sol de Oro at a rate of 1,000 to 1 during a period of severe hyperinflation. The Inti itself suffered rapid devaluation and was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1,000,000 to 1. The 50 Intis denomination was issued on June 26, 1987, as indicated by the printed date on the back. Ramón Castilla appears on multiple denominations of this series, reflecting his status as one of Peru's most respected 19th-century statesmen. The front depicts industrial development themes common to Latin American banknotes of the era, emphasizing national economic progress.


country: Peru
currency: PEN
denomination: 5000
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1985–1991
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991-07-01
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
issuer_native: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Director: [signature]; Presidente: [signature]; Gerente General: [signature]
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
watermark: Portrait of Nicolás de Piérola in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio,watermark,see_through_register
color_palette: #8b4789,#d2691e,#2f4f2f
portrait_subject: Nicolás de Piérola
reverse_subject: Traditional Peruvian weaving scene
themes: statesman,indigenous_culture,industry
pick_number: 137
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:07
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:07
front_description:
  Traditional Peruvian weaving scene depicting three indigenous figures engaged in textile production, with fishing vessels visible in the background on Lake Titicaca. This vignette represents Peru's rich indigenous weaving traditions, particularly those of the Andean communities where textile arts have been central to cultural identity for millennia. The scene honours the skilled artisans who produce the distinctive woven fabrics for which Peru is internationally renowned.

back_description:
  Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913), Peruvian statesman who served twice as President of Peru (1879–1881 during the War of the Pacific, and 1895–1899). Known as 'El Califa,' Piérola implemented significant economic and administrative reforms during his second presidency, modernizing Peru's fiscal system and establishing the gold standard. His portrait appears alongside the coat of arms of Peru featuring the vicuña, cinchona tree, and cornucopia.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti series (1985–1991), issued during a period of severe hyperinflation in Peru. The Inti replaced the Sol at 1,000:1 in 1985 under President Alan García's administration. The 5,000 Intis denomination was introduced on 28 June 1988 (as printed on the note) as inflation accelerated. By 1990, inflation reached over 7,000% annually. The Inti was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a conversion rate of 1,000,000:1, making this one of the last high-denomination notes of the hyperinflationary period. The note features Spanish text throughout and showcases both Peru's political history (Piérola) and its indigenous cultural heritage (traditional weaving). Pick catalogue reference P-137.


country: Peru
currency: Inti
denomination: 5000 Intis
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
issuer_native: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Director: [signature]; Presidente: [signature]; Gerente General: [signature]
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
watermark: Portrait of Miguel Grau
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio
color_palette: #8b7d6b,#9370db,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Miguel Grau Seminario
reverse_subject: Agricultural workers harvesting cotton
themes: military,agriculture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 137
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:08
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:08
front_description:
  Miguel Grau Seminario (1834-1879), Peruvian naval officer and national hero known as 'El Caballero de los Mares' (The Gentleman of the Seas). He commanded the ironclad Huáscar during the War of the Pacific against Chile and died heroically in the Battle of Angamos on October 8, 1879. Grau is one of Peru's most revered military figures and appears on multiple Peruvian banknote series. The front also depicts agricultural workers in a cotton field, representing Peru's important agricultural sector.

back_description:
  The Peruvian national coat of arms at center, featuring the vicuña (representing fauna), the cinchona tree (representing flora), and the cornucopia (representing mineral wealth). The portrait of Miguel Grau Seminario appears at right. The date '28 DE JUNIO DE 1988' indicates the issue date. The denomination '5000' appears vertically on the right side, with 'CINCO MIL INTIS' printed below the coat of arms.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti series issued by Peru between 1985 and 1991. The Inti replaced the Sol at a rate of 1000 Soles = 1 Inti on February 1, 1985, during a period of severe hyperinflation. The currency was named after Inti, the Incan sun god. However, hyperinflation continued, and by 1988 when this note was issued, high denominations like 5000 Intis were necessary. The Inti was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1,000,000 Intis = 1 Nuevo Sol. The 5000 Intis note honors Miguel Grau, Peru's greatest naval hero, and features agricultural imagery emphasizing the country's cotton industry. The printed date of June 28, 1988 provides precise dating for this issue.


country: Peru
currency: Inti
denomination: 1000 Intis
series_name: Inti series
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1987
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
watermark: Portrait of Nicolás de Piérola in clear field
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d2b48c,#8b4513,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Nicolás de Piérola
reverse_subject: Ruins of Chan Chan
themes: statesman,architecture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-136
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:09
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:09
signatures:
  Director: (signature illegible); Presidente: (signature illegible); Gerente General: (signature illegible)

front_description:
  Ruins of Chan Chan, the largest pre-Columbian adobe city in the Americas, built by the Chimú civilization near present-day Trujillo, Peru, around 850 CE and serving as their capital until conquest by the Inca Empire around 1470. The site features monumental mud-brick architecture with intricate geometric friezes and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. The front also displays a Chimú ceremonial knife (tumi) with ornate decorative elements at left, representing the sophisticated metalwork of this coastal culture.

back_description:
  Nicolás de Piérola (1839-1913), Peruvian politician who served twice as President of Peru (1879-1881 during the War of the Pacific and 1895-1899), known for his fiscal reforms and modernization efforts. De Piérola played a crucial role in Peru's political and economic development during the late 19th century, implementing the gold standard and establishing the foundations of modern Peruvian banking. The Peruvian national coat of arms appears at center, featuring the vicuña, cinchona tree, and cornucopia symbolizing the country's natural wealth.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti currency series issued by the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú from 1985 to 1991. The Inti replaced the Sol at a rate of 1 Inti = 1,000 Soles in 1985 during a period of severe hyperinflation. The printed date '26 DE JUNIO DE 1987' confirms this specific note was issued on June 26, 1987. The Inti itself was short-lived, suffering from continued hyperinflation throughout the late 1980s, with Peru experiencing one of the world's worst hyperinflation episodes. By 1991, the Inti was replaced by the Nuevo Sol at a rate of 1 Nuevo Sol = 1,000,000 Intis. The note was printed by Thomas De La Rue, the British security printing company, as indicated by the inscription at bottom left of the front. The 1000 Intis denomination represents one of the higher values in this series, reflecting the ongoing currency devaluation during this turbulent economic period.


country: Peru
currency: PEN
denomination: 100
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1987
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1987
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
issuer_native: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
signatures: Presidente: [illegible]; Director Gerente General: [illegible]
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
watermark: Portrait of Ramón Castilla in clear field at right
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#c19a6b,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Ramón Castilla
reverse_subject: Textile weaving
themes: statesman,military,indigenous_culture,industry
pick_number: P-133
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: es
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:33
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:57:33
front_description:
  Traditional Peruvian textile weaving scene depicting an indigenous woman operating a backstrap loom, representing Peru's rich textile heritage dating back to pre-Columbian civilizations. The horizontal loom shown was a fundamental technology in Andean cultures for producing textiles that were both utilitarian and ceremonial. The design emphasizes the continuity of indigenous craft traditions in modern Peru, with the weaver in traditional dress working at a loom characteristic of highland communities.

back_description:
  Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (1797–1867), Peruvian military officer and statesman who served as President of Peru during multiple terms (1845–1851 and 1855–1862). He is celebrated for abolishing slavery in Peru in 1854, modernizing the state, stabilizing the economy through guano revenues, promoting railroad construction, and establishing the first telegraph lines. Castilla is regarded as one of Peru's greatest presidents and nation-builders of the 19th century. The coat of arms of Peru appears at center above the denomination.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti series (1985–1991), introduced during Peru's severe hyperinflationary period under President Alan García's first administration. The Inti replaced the Sol at a rate of 1,000 to 1 in 1985 as the government attempted to stabilize the collapsing economy. The date '26 DE JUNIO DE 1987' is printed on the note. However, the Inti itself rapidly lost value through hyperinflation, which reached over 7,000% annually by 1990, and was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1,000,000 Intis to 1 Nuevo Sol. The note pairs a 19th-century liberator figure with indigenous cultural imagery, reflecting Peru's dual heritage. The serial number format B8827622F follows the standard alpha-numeric-alpha pattern used by the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú during this period.


country: Philippines
currency: Bohol Emergency Currency
denomination: 10 Pesos
series_name: Bohol Emergency Currency
series_year: 1942
series_range: 1942-1943
issue_year: 1942
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1944
predecessor_currency: Philippine Commonwealth Peso
successor_currency: Philippine Liberation Peso
issuer: Bohol Emergency Currency Board
signatures: Acting Provincial Treasurer: Member; Provincial Auditor: Chairman; Provincial Fiscal: Member
material: paper
color_palette: #8b7355,#2f4f4f,#d4a574
reverse_subject: José Rizal
themes: commemorative,statesman,indigenous_culture
commemorative_occasion: Japanese occupation emergency currency
pick_number: S506
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin, Tagalog
languages: en,tl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:30
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:30
front_description:
  Emergency currency certificate issued by authority of the President of the Philippines during Japanese occupation of World War II. This 10 peso note was issued by the Bohol Emergency Currency Board and bears the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The text certifies redemption at face value upon termination of emergency, payable in lawful currency of the Philippines. Signed by three provincial officials: Acting Provincial Treasurer, Provincial Auditor (Chairman), and Provincial Fiscal.

back_description:
  José Rizal (1861–1896), Philippine national hero, polymath, ophthalmologist, novelist, and key figure in the Philippine independence movement. Executed by Spanish colonial authorities in 1896, his martyrdom galvanized the Philippine Revolution. He appears in profile at left, with the denomination '2' (dalawang piso) prominently displayed. The note features text in Tagalog including 'REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS' and 'BANGKO SENTRAL', with the seal of the Central Bank of the Philippines and papal insignia visible. The serial number RY098015 appears twice.

historical_notes:
  This is a Bohol Emergency Currency note issued during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II (1942–1944). When Japanese forces occupied the Philippines, local provincial governments issued emergency currency to facilitate commerce after the regular banking system collapsed. The Bohol province, in the Visayas region, issued these certificates backed by the authority of the Commonwealth government-in-exile. These notes were printed locally with minimal security features and were redeemable for regular pesos once the emergency ended. The back appears to be from a different, later Philippine banknote (likely from the post-war era showing José Rizal and Central Bank markings), suggesting this is a mismatched pair or composite image. The front certificate references the year 1942 explicitly in the redemption text.


country: Peru
currency: Peruvian Inti
denomination: 500 Intis (front) / 20 Pesos (back)
series_range: 1985–1991
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (front)
issuer_native: BANCO CENTRAL DE RESERVA DEL PERÚ
printer: Bundesdruckerei (visible on front)
material: paper
watermark: Portrait of Túpac Amaru II
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4af37,#8b7355,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: Peruvian Andes
themes: agriculture,indigenous_culture,architecture
language_script: Latin
languages: es,en
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:33
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:33
front_description:
  Andean mountain scene depicting traditional highland agriculture in Peru, with snow-capped peaks (likely Cordillera Blanca or similar Andean range), terraced fields, livestock (llamas or alpacas), and indigenous farmers working the land. The imagery represents the agricultural heritage and indigenous culture of the Peruvian highlands. The denomination '500 INTIS' is prominent, issued by the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. The Inti was Peru's currency from 1985–1991, replacing the Sol de Oro during a period of severe hyperinflation. The stylized Pre-Columbian deity motif at upper left reflects Peru's rich archaeological heritage.

back_description:
  Text reading 'Twenty Philippines Pesos' with '20 PESOS' denominations in corners and decorative border pattern. This reverse does NOT match the Peruvian Inti note shown on the front — it appears to be from a Philippine 20 Pesos emergency or guerrilla currency note, likely from the Japanese Occupation period (1942–1945) or a similar emergency issue. The simple typography and basic printing are characteristic of wartime emergency currency.

historical_notes:
  MISMATCHED PAIR: The front and back images do NOT belong to the same banknote. The front is a Peruvian 500 Intis note from the Inti series (1985–1991), which replaced the Sol de Oro at 1,000:1 during hyperinflation and was itself replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991. The Inti notes featured Andean cultural and agricultural themes. The back image is a Philippine 20 Pesos note, most likely emergency currency from WWII Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) or similar period, characterized by simple printing and basic security features. These two notes are from entirely different countries, currencies, and historical periods. No serial number is visible on either image. Printer marking 'Bundesdruckerei' on front indicates German printing.


country: Peru
currency: PEN
denomination: 100 Intis / 500 Intis
series_name: Inti series
series_year: 1987
series_range: 1985-1991
issue_year: 1987
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Sol
successor_currency: Nuevo Sol
issuer: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
issuer_native: BANCO CENTRAL DE RESERVA DEL PERÚ
material: paper
watermark: Portrait of indigenous person in clear field at right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II)
themes: indigenous_culture,statesman,military
language_script: Latin
languages: es
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:35
signatures:
  Presidente: [signature present]; Director: [signature present]; Gerente General: [signature present]

front_description:
  Industrial textile manufacturing scene showing a woman operating a mechanical loom with multiple spindles, representing Peru's textile industry and the country's heritage in textile production dating to pre-Columbian times. The imagery emphasizes the economic modernization efforts during the Inti currency period (1985-1991) while acknowledging Peru's long tradition of textile craftsmanship. Indigenous decorative motifs appear in the design including a ceremonial vessel and traditional geometric patterns.

back_description:
  José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known as Túpac Amaru II (1738-1781), indigenous leader and cacique who led the largest Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule in 1780-1781. As a direct descendant of the last Inca ruler, he organized a massive rebellion across the Peruvian highlands demanding the abolition of forced labor (mita), encomiendas, and colonial exploitation. He was captured and executed in Cusco in 1781, but became a powerful symbol of indigenous resistance and Peruvian national identity. The portrait shows him with long hair in traditional indigenous style, set against a background of Andean textile patterns. The printed date '26 DE JUNIO DE 1987' indicates this note was issued on June 26, 1987.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Inti currency series issued by Peru from 1985 to 1991. The Inti replaced the Sol de Oro at a rate of 1,000 to 1 in February 1985 during President Alan García's first administration, as part of an attempt to control hyperinflation. However, the Inti itself suffered severe hyperinflation, with inflation exceeding 7,000% annually by 1990. The currency was replaced by the Nuevo Sol in 1991 at a rate of 1 million Intis to 1 Nuevo Sol. The note's imagery reflects the García government's nationalistic economic policies and emphasis on indigenous heritage. The front depicts industrial textile production while the back honors Túpac Amaru II, linking modern economic development to Peru's indigenous resistance history. The specific printed date of June 26, 1987 on this note places it during the period of economic crisis that would ultimately doom the Inti currency. The serial number format (A 3460916 Q) follows the standard prefix-number-suffix pattern used for Peruvian notes of this era.


country: Philippines
currency: Peso
denomination: 20 Pesos
series_name: Negros Emergency Currency
series_year: 1944
series_range: 1944
issue_year: 1944
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
successor_currency: Commonwealth Peso
issuer: Negros Emergency Currency Board
material: paper
color_palette: #d4b896,#2d2d2d,#4a7c59
themes: commemorative,statesman
commemorative_occasion: World War II emergency currency issued during Japanese occupation
pick_number: S584
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin
languages: en
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:58:35
signatures:
  Acting Treasurer: J. Ledesma; Governor and Chairman: Alfredo Montelibano; Provincial Auditor: J.P. Remelete

front_description:
  Treasury Emergency Currency Certificate from the Negros Emergency Currency Board issued during World War II Japanese occupation of the Philippines in 1944. This emergency scrip was issued under authority of the President of the Philippines as part of the Commonwealth's resistance efforts, certifying redemption at face value upon termination of emergency. The note bears signatures of Acting Treasurer J. Ledesma, Governor and Chairman Alfredo Montelibano (who led Negros resistance forces), and Provincial Auditor J.P. Remelete. The green seal of the Philippines appears at right, with serial number 904118 and denomination markers D² at corners.

back_description:
  Text identifies this as issued by the Bohol Emergency Currency Board from Tagbilaran, Bohol, showing '10 PESOS' as denomination in ornate lettering with 'PHILIPPINES' below. The design features decorative borders with guilloche patterns and 'PESOS' denomination markers in corners. This represents locally-produced guerrilla currency created during the Japanese occupation when the Commonwealth government operated from various liberated or resistance-held areas.

historical_notes:
  This is a World War II emergency currency note from the Philippines, part of the Series of 1944 Treasury Emergency Currency. During the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), the Commonwealth Government-in-Exile authorized local emergency currency boards in liberated or resistance-held areas to issue provisional money. The front references the Negros Emergency Currency Board while the back states Bohol Emergency Currency Board (Tagbilaran, Bohol), suggesting this may be a mismatched pair or a note produced using mixed plates during the chaotic wartime conditions. These emergency issues were redeemed after liberation in 1945 and are now demonetized. Governor Alfredo Montelibano was a prominent resistance leader in Negros Occidental. Pick catalog S584 represents emergency scrip from this period. The note's promise to redeem 'in silver pesos or in legal tender currency' upon termination of emergency reflects the Commonwealth's commitment to honor these wartime issues.


country: Philippines
currency: PHP
denomination: 2 Piso
series_name: Ang Bagong Lipunan Series
series_range: 1973-1985
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1993
predecessor_currency: Philippine Peso (English series)
successor_currency: New Design Series
issuer: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x66
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f5deb3,#4169e1,#90ee90
themes: commemorative,indigenous_culture
commemorative_occasion: Centennial of the Cry of Pugad Lawin 1896-1996
language_script: Latin
languages: tl,en
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:59:19
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:59:19
front_description:
  The Balconahe ng Mangunsong Aguinaldo (Balcony of Emilio Aguinaldo's house), depicting the historic moment when the independence of the Philippines was proclaimed on June 12, 1898. The note's inscription reads 'PAHAYAG NG KASARINLAN NG PILIPINAS NOONG HUNYO 12, 1898 (BALKONAHE NG MANSIONG AGUINALDO)', commemorating the centennial of Philippine independence. The scene shows figures on the iconic balcony in Kawit, Cavite, where Aguinaldo declared freedom from Spanish colonial rule, a pivotal moment in Philippine history that established the First Philippine Republic.

back_description:
  Japanese Government-issued occupation currency overprint reading 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT FIFTY CENTAVOS' with 'PI' markings, depicting tropical vegetation including palm trees and other Philippine flora. This represents Japanese-issued invasion money (JIM) circulated during the occupation of the Philippines from 1942-1945 during World War II. The overprint on Philippine currency was part of Japan's wartime monetary control, which led to severe hyperinflation and economic disruption. These notes became worthless after liberation and are historical artifacts of the wartime occupation period.

historical_notes:
  This is a mismatched pair. The front is from a 2-Peso note from the Ang Bagong Lipunan series issued by the Central Bank of the Philippines (later Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) between 1973-1985, specifically a commemorative design celebrating the centennial of the proclamation of Philippine independence (1896-1996). The back, however, shows a Japanese occupation 50-centavo note from World War II (1942-1945), part of the invasion money issued during Japan's military occupation. These two notes are from completely different historical periods and issuers and do not form a legitimate front-back pair. The Philippine independence centennial series was issued in the 1990s, while the Japanese occupation currency was issued during WWII. The condition of both appears to be circulated with visible wear and staining.


country: Philippines
currency: Peso
denomination: 5 Pesos
series_name: Central Bank of the Philippines English Series
series_range: 1949-1969
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1974
predecessor_currency: Commonwealth Peso
successor_currency: Ang Bagong Lipunan Series Peso
issuer: Central Bank of the Philippines
issuer_native: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
signatures: Governor: signature visible but name illegible
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 156x66
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5f5dc,#000080
portrait_subject: José Rizal
reverse_subject: Central Bank building
themes: statesman,writer,architecture
pick_number: P-134
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Tagalog
languages: tl,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 06:59:56
updated_at: 2026-05-10 06:59:56
front_description:
  José Rizal (1861–1896), Philippine national hero, physician, novelist, poet, and polymath who inspired the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule through his writings, particularly the novels Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government in 1896 and became the most prominent symbol of Filipino nationalism and independence. His portrait appears on virtually every modern Philippine banknote series as the preeminent national figure.

back_description:
  The Central Bank of the Philippines building (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas headquarters), established in 1949 as the country's central monetary authority following independence. The building represents the new republic's economic sovereignty and the institution's role in managing the Philippine peso and national monetary policy during the post-independence era.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the English Series issued by the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1949 onwards, following Philippine independence in 1946 and the establishment of the Central Bank in 1949. This design series featured English text prominently and circulated through the 1950s and 1960s until the introduction of the Ang Bagong Lipunan (New Society) series in 1969-1974. The series was printed with predominantly brown and blue color schemes. The serial number format 'NN352317' with double-letter prefix 'NN' is consistent with the Central Bank's numbering system for this era. These notes were demonetized in 1974 when the new series was fully implemented. The 5 peso denomination was a common circulation note during this period of post-war economic reconstruction.


country: Philippines
currency: Japanese Invasion Peso
denomination: 1 Peso
series_name: Japanese Government (JIM) Issue
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Philippine Commonwealth Peso
successor_currency: Philippine Victory Peso
issuer: The Japanese Government
issuer_native: 大日本帝国政府
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x70
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#4a4a4a,#8b7355
reverse_subject: Government building (likely administrative center in Manila)
themes: military,architecture
pick_number: M-8
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:17
front_description:
  The front of this Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) 1 Peso note shows no portrait but features elaborate guilloche patterns and geometric security designs. The denomination '50' appears twice (erroneously, as this is actually the back of a 1 Peso note based on the reverse), with intricate lathe-work borders. This currency was issued during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945) and was printed in large quantities without precious metal backing, leading to hyperinflation by 1944.

back_description:
  The reverse displays the text 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' across the top, with 'ONE PESO' at center and bottom. A government building, likely an administrative or legislative structure in Manila, appears at left. The serial number '023 83?' (partially visible) appears in red ink at right. Japanese characters '大日本帝国政府' appear at bottom. This occupation currency became worthless after liberation and is now a widely collected historical artifact of World War II in the Pacific.

historical_notes:
  Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) for the Philippines was issued from January 1942 following the Japanese occupation. The 1 Peso denomination was among the most common notes printed. These notes were declared legal tender by Japanese military authorities and circulated alongside (then replacing) Philippine Commonwealth currency. Production ramped up dramatically through 1944 as Japan printed vast quantities without backing, causing severe hyperinflation—by liberation in 1945 the currency was nearly worthless. After liberation, the Philippine government and US authorities declared JIM void and introduced Victory Series pesos. Today these notes are common in the collectors' market due to large surviving quantities. The note shows characteristics of the first and second JIM series issued 1942–1943, though without visible series markings or dates on the note itself, precise dating within the 1942–1945 window is difficult. No known public serial-year encoding has been documented for JIM issues.


country: Philippines
currency: Philippine peso
denomination: 5 pesos
series_name: Japanese Occupation issue
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Commonwealth peso
successor_currency: Commonwealth peso (restored)
issuer: Japanese Military Administration of the Philippines
issuer_native: 大日本帝國政府
material: paper
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#4a5f6b,#1a1a1a
reverse_subject: Rizal Monument
themes: military,architecture,commemorative
pick_number: P-109a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja,tl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:17
front_description:
  Generic ornamental frame design with denomination 'ONE PESO' at center and corner numerals '1'. The front features elaborate scrollwork and guilloche patterns in blue-green ink but no portrait. This minimalist design was typical of Japanese occupation currency issued rapidly during World War II.

back_description:
  The Rizal Monument (Monumento kay Rizal) in Manila's Luneta Park (now Rizal Park), erected in 1913 to honor Dr. José Rizal, Philippine national hero executed by the Spanish in 1896. The monument, designed by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling, marks the site where Rizal was executed and became the symbolic heart of Philippine nationalism. Inscription reads 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' with denomination 'FIVE PESOS' and serial number 0487401 in red.

historical_notes:
  Japanese Occupation currency for the Philippines, Series issued 1942–1945 during World War II following the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Philippine Islands. These invasion notes, often called 'Mickey Mouse money' by Filipinos due to their rapid devaluation and poor quality, were printed by the Japanese Military Administration to replace the Commonwealth peso. The bilingual inscription 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' (English) and Japanese characters reflected Japanese military authority. These notes became nearly worthless by 1944 due to hyperinflation caused by massive overprinting to fund the occupation. All Japanese occupation currency was demonetized when the Philippines was liberated by Allied forces in 1945. The note's condition and heavy circulation wear are typical of these wartime emergency issues. The reversal of denominations (front shows '1 PESO' while back shows 'FIVE PESOS') suggests this may be a mismatched pair, though some sources document multi-denomination overprints during the chaotic final months of occupation.


country: Philippines
currency: Philippine Peso
denomination: 1 Piso
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
issuer_native: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
material: paper
security_features: microprint
color_palette: #dbc3a9,#4f4f5c,#d7c177
themes: history
language_script: Latin
languages: tl,pl
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:22
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:22
front_description:
  Philippine 1 Piso note depicting the Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, at the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite. The scene shows General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaiming independence from the balcony of his ancestral home while unfurling the Philippine flag, with revolutionary soldiers and citizens gathered below. This historic moment marked the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

back_description:
  Polish 500 Złotych note featuring Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817), Polish-Lithuanian military engineer and national hero who led the 1794 uprising against Imperial Russia and Prussia. He also served as a military leader in the American Revolutionary War, achieving the rank of Brigadier General in the Continental Army. The note bears the date Warsaw, 1 June 1982 and includes the Polish White Eagle emblem.

historical_notes:
  These images represent two completely different banknotes from different countries. The front image is a Philippine 1 Piso from the Ang Bagong Lipunan (New Society) series issued during the Marcos era, featuring the independence declaration scene. The back image is a Polish 500 Złotych from the People's Republic of Poland era, dated 1982, part of the 'Polish Peoples' series featuring national heroes. These are clearly mismatched and not the front and back of the same note.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 500 złotych (front) / 100 złotych (back)
series_name: Third złoty series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1982-1994
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995-01-01
successor_currency: New Polish złoty (PLN)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: [illegible]; Główny Skarbnik: [illegible]
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b6f47,#c19a6b
portrait_subject: Ludwik Waryński
reverse_subject: Ludwik Waryński
themes: statesman,military
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:46
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:00:46
front_description:
  The front displays the coat of arms of Poland (crowned white eagle) with denomination 500 złotych and text 'PIĘĆSET ZŁOTYCH' along with 'BILETY NARODOWEGO BANKU POLSKIEGO SĄ PRAWNYM ŚRODKIEM PŁATNICZYM W POLSCE' (Notes of the National Bank of Poland are legal tender in Poland). However, this note exhibits a significant mismatch: the front shows 500 złotych denomination while the back shows 100 złotych dated 1 grudnia 1988 (December 1, 1988).

back_description:
  Ludwik Waryński (1856-1889), Polish socialist politician, theoretician, and organizer, founder of the first Polish socialist party 'Proletariat' in 1882. He was arrested multiple times for revolutionary activities and died in the Shlisselburg Fortress. The back shows denomination '100 STO ZŁOTYCH' dated 'WARSZAWA 1 GRUDNIA 1988' (Warsaw, December 1, 1988), serial number TT 3243298, with signatures of Prezes (President) and Główny Skarbnik (Chief Treasurer) of Narodowy Bank Polski.

historical_notes:
  This note presents a significant anomaly: the front appears to be from a 500 złotych note while the back is clearly from a 100 złotych note dated December 1, 1988. Both belong to Poland's third złoty series (1982-1994), issued during the late Communist period when Poland experienced severe hyperinflation. The denomination printed on the back (100 złotych, 1988) takes priority as the authoritative identification since it includes the full date and complete design. Ludwik Waryński was featured on the 100 złotych note of this era. This currency was replaced by the new Polish złoty (PLN) in 1995 at a rate of 10,000 old złotych to 1 new złoty, following the redenomination that ended the hyperinflation period. The mismatched front and back indicate this is either a printing error, a composite/altered note, or the images are incorrectly paired.


country: Poland
currency: PLN
denomination: 20
series_name: Modern złoty series
series_year: 2012
series_range: 2012–present
issue_year: 2012
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: [signature]; Główny Skarbnik: [signature]
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x77
watermark: Portrait of Mieszko I in clear field at left
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio, hologram, see_through_register, raised_print, optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #d4a5c4,#e8d7a0,#8b7d9e
portrait_subject: Mieszko I
reverse_subject: Mieszko I
themes: statesman,monarch,commemorative
pick_number: 184
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:20
front_description:
  Mieszko I (c. 930–992), the first historical ruler of Poland and founder of the Piast dynasty. He united the Polish tribes and converted to Christianity in 966, bringing Poland into the sphere of Western European civilization. The central circular medallion depicts a silver denar coin from his reign, the oldest Polish coin, symbolizing the beginnings of Polish statehood and economy.

back_description:
  Mieszko I depicted in profile, facing left, wearing a crown and medieval regalia. The Polish coat of arms (crowned white eagle) appears at left. This note from the 2012 series celebrates Poland's medieval heritage and the founding ruler who established the Polish state and introduced Christianity, making the baptism of Poland a pivotal moment in European history.

historical_notes:
  This 20 złotych note belongs to the modern Polish złoty series redesigned and issued in 2012 by the Narodowy Bank Polski. The series features historical Polish rulers and commemorates the nation's medieval origins. The date 'WARSZAWA 25 STYCZNIA 2012' is printed on the back, indicating the official issue date. The note showcases advanced security features including a security thread, holographic elements, and intaglio printing. The PWDW initials on the front indicate production by Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych (Polish Security Printing Works). The 2012 series remains in active circulation as of 2024.


country: Poland
currency: PLN
denomination: 10 złotych
series_name: 1994 series
series_year: 1994
series_range: 1994–1997
issue_year: 1994
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2004-12-31
predecessor_currency: Old złoty (1950–1995)
issuer: National Bank of Poland
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: (signature); Główny Skarbnik: (signature)
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 120x60
watermark: Portrait of King Mieszko I in clear field at left
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio, see_through_register
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#d8bfd8
portrait_subject: Mieszko I
reverse_subject: Silver denar coin of Mieszko I
themes: monarch,statesman,indigenous_culture,commemorative
pick_number: 143a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:22
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:22
front_description:
  Mieszko I (c. 930–992), the first historical ruler of Poland and founder of the Piast dynasty. He united the Polish tribes and adopted Christianity in 966, which brought Poland into the community of Western European nations. The note features a stylized circular design element representing medieval decorative motifs. This denomination was part of Poland's currency stabilization following the transition from communism to democracy.

back_description:
  Silver denar coin of Mieszko I from the late 10th century, one of the earliest Polish coins. The coin design includes the inscription 'MISICO' around the edge, identifying the ruler. This reverse celebrates Poland's medieval heritage and the beginning of Polish coinage under the first Christian ruler of Poland.

historical_notes:
  This 10 złotych note belongs to the 1994 series issued by the National Bank of Poland on March 25, 1994, as printed on the note. This series marked Poland's currency reform during the transition period following the fall of communism. The 1994 series featured historical Polish rulers and was printed by Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych (PWPW - Polish Security Printing Works). These notes were withdrawn from circulation and demonetized on December 31, 2004, when Poland introduced a redesigned banknote series with enhanced security features. The P-143a reference indicates this is the first signature variant of the 1994 10 złotych design. The serial number 'IB 2526530' follows the standard format with two-letter prefix.


country: Poland
currency: PLN
denomination: 10
series_name: Current zloty series
series_year: 2012
series_range: 1994–present
issue_year: 2012
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
predecessor_currency: Zloty (1950–1994)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: signature present; Główny Skarbnik: signature present
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 138x69
watermark: Portrait of Mieszko I in clear field at right
security_features: thread,microprint,uv,intaglio,see_through_register
color_palette: #8b7355,#e8dcc0,#a8b89d
portrait_subject: Mieszko I
reverse_subject: Mieszko I
themes: monarch,statesman
pick_number: 183
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:28
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:28
front_description:
  Mieszko I (c. 930–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. He unified Polish lands under a single authority and converted to Christianity in 966, a pivotal moment that brought Poland into the sphere of Western European civilization and the Latin Church. His baptism is considered the founding act of the Polish state. The note shows a stylized portrait medallion of Mieszko I at center, rendered in brown-red tones against a background of ornamental patterns.

back_description:
  Mieszko I, shown as a crowned medieval ruler in profile facing right, with his regnal circlet bearing the inscription 'MIĘSZKO KROL' (Mieszko King) on the diadem. The portrait emphasizes his historical role as the founder of Christian Poland. The note includes the Polish eagle emblem (white crowned eagle on a shield) and the issue date 'WARSZAWA 5 STYCZNIA 2012 r.' alongside signatures of the Prezes (President) and Główny Skarbnik (Chief Treasurer) of Narodowy Bank Polski.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the current series of Polish zloty introduced in 1995 following the redenomination that removed four zeros from the old zloty (10,000 old zloty = 1 new zloty). The series features Polish rulers chronologically across denominations. The 10 zloty note honors Mieszko I, founder of the Polish state. This specific note was issued on 5 January 2012 (printed date visible), part of the ongoing series that has been in circulation since the mid-1990s. The design by Andrzej Heidrich was introduced in 1994 and has undergone periodic security upgrades while maintaining the core design. PWPW (Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych) is the state printing works in Warsaw. Serial prefix 'AR' is standard for this series with no documented year-encoding.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 100
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995
successor_currency: Polish złoty (PLN)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4756f,#8b7355,#c8b896
reverse_subject: Stanisław I Leszczyński
themes: monarch,statesman
pick_number: 143e
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:01:43
front_description:
  Overprinted specimen note marked 'PROLETARYAT ORGAN MIEDZZYNARODOWEJ SOCYALNO-REVOLUCYJNEJ PARTYI' with red diagonal overprint band. The front displays the standard 100 złotych design of the 1988 series issued by Narodowy Bank Polski during the communist period, featuring denomination numerals and decorative elements in coral and brown tones.

back_description:
  Stanisław I Leszczyński (1677–1766), King of Poland twice (1704–1709 and 1733–1736) and Duke of Lorraine. A significant figure in Polish and European history, he was backed by Charles XII of Sweden in his first reign and by France in his second; after abdication he became a renowned patron of Enlightenment thought. The portrait shows him in profile wearing an ornate cap with decorative patterns, rendered in fine intaglio engraving. The back is dated 'WARSZAWA 5 STYCZNIA 2012 r.' with signatures of 'PREZES' and 'GŁÓWNY SKARBNIK', and serial number AL2376697.

historical_notes:
  This is a specimen/propaganda overprint of a Polish 100 złotych note from 1988 (Pick 143e), near the end of the communist People's Republic of Poland era (1952–1989). The base note belongs to the 1986–1988 series of the fourth złoty (1950–1994), which suffered severe hyperinflation in the late 1980s. The red diagonal overprint 'PROLETARYAT ORGAN MIEDZZYNARODOWEJ SOCYALNO-REVOLUCYJNEJ PARTYI' (Proletariat Organ of the International Social-Revolutionary Party) suggests this was a propaganda piece or commemorative overprint, possibly related to historical Polish socialist movements of the late 19th/early 20th century. The Proletariat party was a Polish socialist organization active 1882–1886. The actual back image, however, shows a modern 2012-dated 100 złotych note (redenominated new złoty, PLN), creating a temporal mismatch—the front appears to be the 1988 series with propaganda overprint, while the back is from the current Polish series introduced in 1994 and redesigned through 2012. This indicates mismatched images or a composite specimen. The 1988-series 100 złotych was demonetized when Poland redenominated 10,000:1 in 1995, replacing the old złoty (PLZ) with new złoty (PLN).


country: Poland
currency: PLN
denomination: 10 złotych / 20 złotych
series_name: 1994 Series
series_year: 1994
series_range: 1994–1997
issue_year: 1994
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2010-12-31
predecessor_currency: Złoty (1950–1994, redenomination)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: [illegible signature]; Główny Skarbnik: [illegible signature]
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 126x63
watermark: Polish Eagle in clear field at left
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio,see_through_register
color_palette: #d4af37,#8b4513,#e6d7c3
reverse_subject: Prince Mieszko I of Poland
themes: monarch,statesman,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 173b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:02:07
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:02:07
front_description:
  Stylized medieval coin of Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992), the first historical ruler of Poland who converted to Christianity in 966 and established the Polish state. The coin image represents Poland's earliest numismatic heritage and the foundation of Polish statehood. The text 'DZIESIĘĆ ZŁOTYCH' (Ten Złotych) appears below, with decorative patterns and security features throughout.

back_description:
  Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992), first historical ruler of Poland and founder of the Polish state. He united Polish tribes under Christian rule through his baptism in 966, establishing the Piast dynasty and bringing Poland into the community of Christian European nations. His portrait appears in profile, crowned, representing the beginning of Polish sovereignty and the thousand-year anniversary commemorated in Polish culture. The note is dated '25 MARCA 1994 r.' (March 25, 1994) and bears the serial number FR2744229.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1994 Series issued after Poland's currency redenomination of 10,000:1 in 1995 (though dated 1994). The new złoty (PLN) replaced the old złoty that had suffered severe hyperinflation in the early 1990s. This series features medieval Polish rulers and historical figures. The back denomination shows '20' złotych while the front shows '10 złotych' — this is an educational/specimen set showing both the 10 and 20 złotych designs together (the images appear to be mismatched: the front is from a 10 złotych note, the back from a 20 złotych note). The 1994 series was gradually withdrawn and demonetized by December 31, 2010, as newer polymer and enhanced-security paper notes were introduced. Mieszko I was chosen to represent Poland's founding and conversion to Christianity, a pivotal moment in Polish and European history.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 50
series_name: People's Republic of Poland series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1975-1989
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995-01-01
successor_currency: Polish Złoty (PLN)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: signature visible; Główny Skarbnik: signature visible
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 134x67
watermark: Portrait of Karol Świerczewski in clear field
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio,raised_print
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#a8c9a8,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Karol Świerczewski
reverse_subject: Karol Świerczewski
themes: military,statesman
pick_number: P-142c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:02:49
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:02:49
front_description:
  The front depicts an abstract geometric design featuring the Polish eagle emblem at center, stylized in a modernist manner with guilloché patterns. The note bears the inscription 'NARODOWY BANK POLSKI' (National Bank of Poland) and denomination '50 PIĘĆDZIESIĄT ZŁOTYCH' (50 Fifty Złoty). This design represents the late Communist-era Polish currency issued under the People's Republic of Poland before the democratic transition and currency reforms of the 1990s.

back_description:
  Karol Świerczewski (1897–1947), Polish and Soviet military officer, Communist general who served in the Spanish Civil War (as 'General Walter') and later in the Polish People's Army. He was Minister of National Defence of Poland and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Świerczewski was assassinated in 1947 in southeastern Poland, likely by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The note shows him in military uniform with his characteristic peaked cap, alongside the Polish eagle emblem. His appearance on this 1988 note reflects the Communist government's veneration of Soviet-aligned military figures.

historical_notes:
  This 50 złotych note was issued on December 1, 1988 ('WARSZAWA, 1 GRUDNIA 1988' printed on back) by the Narodowy Bank Polski during the final years of the Polish People's Republic. The series featuring Karol Świerczewski was introduced in 1975 and continued through 1989. This particular variant (P-142c) is distinguished by its signatures and serial number format. The note circulated during a period of economic crisis and hyperinflation that led to currency reforms. It was demonetized when Poland introduced the new złoty (PLN) at a rate of 10,000 old złotych to 1 new złoty in 1995, following the democratic transition. The choice of Świerczewski as a banknote subject was controversial even during the Communist period and became more so after 1989, as his role in Soviet-imposed Communism was re-evaluated.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 200
series_name: People's Republic series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1974–1993
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995-01-01
successor_currency: PLN
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes; Główny Skarbnik
printer: PWPW
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 138x63
watermark: Portrait of Jarosław Dąbrowski
security_features: thread,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #4a6fa5,#e8b569,#c9a86c
portrait_subject: Jarosław Dąbrowski
themes: military,statesman
pick_number: P-144c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:06
front_description:
  Jarosław Dąbrowski (1836–1871), Polish military officer and revolutionary who became a general of the Paris Commune in 1871. A hero of both Polish independence movements and the French revolutionary left, he was killed defending the Commune during Bloody Week. His name is inscribed vertically on the right side of the note. The Polish White Eagle coat of arms appears at center with ornate guilloché patterns.

back_description:
  The Order of the Grunwald Cross (Krzyż Grunwaldu), a Polish military decoration established in 1943 by the communist-aligned Polish forces. The cross commemorates the 1410 Battle of Grunwald where Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated the Teutonic Knights. The NBP monogram appears at right.

historical_notes:
  This 200 złotych note dated 1 December 1988 belongs to the People's Republic of Poland banknote series featuring notable Polish historical figures. The series was part of the pre-denomination złoty (PLZ) which suffered severe inflation in the late 1980s. Following the economic transition, Poland redenominated its currency on 1 January 1995, replacing 10,000 old złotych with 1 new złoty (PLN). These notes were demonetized at that time. Note: The front and back images provided appear to be from TWO DIFFERENT NOTES - the front shows a 50 złotych note while the back shows a 200 złotych note. Cataloguing the 200 złotych as the primary note based on the more detailed obverse image.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 50 złotych
series_name: People's Republic of Poland series
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1975–1989
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995-01-01
successor_currency: Polish złoty (PLN)
issuer: Narodowy Bank Polski
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Główny Skarbnik: unknown
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x74
watermark: Portrait of Karol Świerczewski in clear field
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b9e6e,#d4af7a,#e8dcc0
portrait_subject: Karol Świerczewski
themes: military,statesman
pick_number: 142c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:10
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:10
front_description:
  Medieval Polish coin seal (likely from the Piast dynasty era) at center, featuring intricate heraldic designs. The front displays the denomination '20 DWADZIEŚCIA ZŁOTYCH' with security guilloche patterns and the notation 'BANKNOTY EMITOWANE PRZEZ NARODOWY BANK POLSKI SĄ PRAWNYM ŚRODKIEM PŁATNICZYM W POLSCE' (Banknotes issued by the National Bank of Poland are legal tender in Poland). This design reflects the historical continuity of Polish statehood through its medieval coinage traditions.

back_description:
  Karol Świerczewski (1897–1947), Polish-Soviet general known by the nom de guerre 'Walter,' who commanded International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and served as a general in the Polish People's Army after World War II. He held various military positions in Soviet and Polish communist forces and was killed in an ambush in 1947. The note bears the date 'WARSZAWA, 1 GRUDNIA 1988' (Warsaw, December 1, 1988) and displays the Polish coat of arms (White Eagle). Świerczewski was a controversial figure, honoured by the communist government but later re-evaluated after Poland's democratic transition.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the final series of the Polish People's Republic (1975–1989 design family), issued during the late communist period. The 50 złotych denomination dated December 1, 1988 was among the last banknotes printed before the political transformation of 1989. These notes circulated during a period of high inflation and economic crisis that ultimately led to the Balcerowicz Plan reforms. The currency was replaced following the denomination in 1995, when 10,000 old złotych were exchanged for 1 new złoty (PLN). Karol Świerczewski's appearance on currency was part of the communist government's programme of honouring socialist heroes; after 1989, his legacy became subject to historical reassessment. The front features a stylized medieval Polish coin, connecting communist-era currency to deeper historical traditions of Polish sovereignty.


country: Poland
currency: PLZ
denomination: 200 złotych (front) / 100 złotych (back)
series_name: Issue of 1975–1988
series_year: 1988
series_range: 1975–1988
issue_year: 1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1995-01-01
successor_currency: Polish złoty (PLN)
issuer: National Bank of Poland
issuer_native: Narodowy Bank Polski
signatures: Prezes: [signature present]; Główny Skarbnik: [signature present]
printer: Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x73
watermark: Portrait watermark visible in clear field
security_features: intaglio,microprint,raised_print
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b9a8e,#c19a6b
portrait_subject: Zygmunt Wróblewski (back - 100 złotych); allegorical figure (front - 200 złotych)
reverse_subject: Zygmunt Wróblewski
themes: scientist,statesman
language_script: Latin
languages: pl
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:15
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:03:15
front_description:
  An allegorical female figure in classical robes, representing Poland or Liberty, appears on this 200 złotych note. The inscription 'ZA WASZĄ I NASZĄ WOLNOŚĆ' (For Your Freedom and Ours) is prominently featured, a famous Polish motto dating to the November Uprising of 1830–1831 that became a rallying cry for solidarity with other nations fighting for independence. This slogan reflects Poland's historical commitment to supporting liberation movements beyond its own borders.

back_description:
  Zygmunt Wróblewski (1845–1888), Polish physicist and chemist who, together with Karol Olszewski, was the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in 1883 at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. This groundbreaking achievement in low-temperature physics placed Poland at the forefront of cryogenics research in the late 19th century. The date on this note, 1 grudnia 1988 (1 December 1988), appears on what is nominally a 100 złotych denomination.

historical_notes:
  This note presents a significant mismatch: the front displays '200 DWIEŚCIE ZŁOTYCH' (200 złotych) while the back shows '100 STO ZŁOTYCH' dated 'WARSZAWA, 1 GRUDNIA 1988 r.' (Warsaw, 1 December 1988). This is highly unusual and suggests either a major printing error, a mismatched pair of images, or a deliberate specimen/test printing. The note belongs to the late communist-era złoty series issued by Narodowy Bank Polski during the period of high inflation that preceded the 1990 redenomination (when 10,000 old złotych = 1 new złoty). The 100 złotych note featuring Zygmunt Wróblewski was part of the standard issue series. The front's '200 złotych' with the freedom motto was also part of this series but typically paired with different reverse imagery. Serial number PR 0672618 visible on the back. The signatures represent the Bank President (Prezes) and Chief Treasurer (Główny Skarbnik) in office in 1988. This currency was withdrawn and replaced by the new złoty (PLN) in 1995 following the 1990 and 1995 currency reforms that stabilized Poland's post-communist economy.


country: Portugal
currency: PTE
denomination: 100 Escudos
series_name: Ch.8 series
series_year: 1980
series_range: 1978–1985
issue_year: 1980
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: EUR
issuer: Banco de Portugal
issuer_native: Banco de Portugal
signatures: Governador: (signature visible); Vice-Governador: (signature visible)
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 163x83
watermark: Portrait watermark visible in clear field at center-left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b7355,#6b8e9c,#d4af8c
portrait_subject: Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage
themes: writer
pick_number: 178a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: pt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:17
front_description:
  Igreja de Santo António de Lisboa (Church of Saint Anthony of Lisbon) in Lisbon, built on the site where Saint Anthony of Padua was born in 1195. The Baroque church was reconstructed after the 1755 earthquake and is a major pilgrimage site. Santo António is Portugal's patron saint and one of the most venerated Catholic saints worldwide.

back_description:
  Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage (1765–1805), Portuguese Neoclassical poet, considered one of the greatest Portuguese lyric poets. Known for his sonnets and satirical works, he lived a bohemian life in Lisbon and was briefly imprisoned for his liberal ideas. He is depicted seated with books and manuscripts, symbolizing his literary legacy. The text 'MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DU BOCAGE' appears below the portrait.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Ch.8 (Chapa 8) series issued by Banco de Portugal between 1978 and 1985. The date printed on the note is 'LISBOA, 2 DE SETEMBRO DE 1980' (Lisbon, September 2, 1980), indicating a 1980 issue within the series. The Ch.8 designation refers to the plate or design series variant. The 100 escudos denomination was a common mid-value note in circulation during Portugal's pre-euro era. The escudo was replaced by the euro in 2002, with a fixed conversion rate of 200.482 escudos = 1 euro. This note features the characteristic multicolor intaglio printing of Portuguese banknotes from this period.


country: Romania
currency: ROL
denomination: 1000
series_name: Leu series 1991-2005
series_year: 1998
series_range: 1991-2005
issue_year: 1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2005-07-01
successor_currency: RON (New Leu)
issuer: Banca Naţională a României
issuer_native: BANCA NAŢIONALA A ROMÂNIEI
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x70
security_features: microprint,intaglio,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #d4af37,#4682b4,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: Map of Romania with railway network and major cities
themes: architecture,transport,industry
pick_number: P-106
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:18
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:18
front_description:
  Constantin Brâncuși's sculpture 'Endless Column' (Coloana Infinitului) from Târgu Jiu, created in 1938 as part of his monumental ensemble commemorating Romanian heroes of World War I. This masterpiece of modernist sculpture consists of repeated rhomboidal modules stacked vertically, symbolizing infinity and the sacrifice of Romanian soldiers. The column stands 29.35 meters tall and is one of Brâncuși's most celebrated works, representing his synthesis of Romanian folk art traditions with avant-garde modernism. Stylized floral motifs appear on the left side of the note.

back_description:
  Map of Romania with railway network and major cities including București (Bucharest), Ploiești, Târgoviște, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Petroșani, Deva, Caransebeș, and others. The map is rendered in a gradient color scheme transitioning from blue through yellow to coral-red, representing different regions or transportation zones. The railway lines connecting these cities are clearly marked, emphasizing Romania's transportation infrastructure and national connectivity during the post-communist modernization period.

historical_notes:
  This 1000 lei note belongs to the 1991-2005 leu series issued by the National Bank of Romania during the post-communist transition period. The series was characterized by severe hyperinflation, with the leu losing significant value throughout the 1990s. The choice of Brâncuși's Endless Column as the primary motif reflects Romania's effort to emphasize national cultural heritage and modernist achievement during economic turbulence. The reverse map highlighting the railway network underscores infrastructure and national unity themes important to the post-1989 Romanian state. This series was demonetized on July 1, 2005, when Romania redenominated its currency at a rate of 10,000 old lei (ROL) to 1 new leu (RON), removing four zeros to simplify transactions after years of inflation.


country: Romania
currency: ROL
denomination: 100 Lei
series_name: 1998 Series
series_year: 1998
series_range: 1998-2005
issue_year: 1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2005-07-01
successor_currency: Romanian Leu (RON)
issuer: National Bank of Romania
issuer_native: Banca Națională a României
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 143x70
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #d4af37,#4169e1,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Mihai Eminescu
reverse_subject: Romanian Athenaeum
themes: writer,architecture
pick_number: 100
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:35
front_description:
  The Romanian Athenaeum (Ateneul Român) in Bucharest, one of Romania's most iconic concert halls and cultural landmarks. Designed by French architect Albert Galleron, it was inaugurated in 1888 and serves as the home of the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra. The neoclassical building with its distinctive dome is a symbol of Romanian culture and appears on this note as the primary architectural motif. The inscription 'REPUBLICA POPULARĂ ROMÂNĂ' at top (actually 'REPUBLICĂ POPULARĂ' appears worn) and 'UNA SUTA LEI' (One Hundred Lei) at bottom frame the building.

back_description:
  Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889), Romania's national poet and a central figure of Romanian literature. Born Mihail Eminovici, he is considered the most important and influential Romanian poet of the 19th century, known for his romantic and philosophical works including 'Luceafărul' (The Evening Star). His portrait appears on numerous Romanian banknotes honoring his contribution to Romanian culture and language. The design includes floral motifs and the denomination '1000 lei UNA MIE' with the text 'BANCA NAȚIONALĂ A ROMÂNIEI' at top and the year 1998 visible at left.

historical_notes:
  This 100 lei note belongs to the 1998 series issued by the National Bank of Romania during the period of the old Romanian leu (ROL) before the 2005 currency reform. The old leu suffered severe hyperinflation throughout the 1990s following the collapse of communism, requiring the issuance of increasingly high denominations. On July 1, 2005, Romania redenominated its currency at a rate of 10,000 old lei (ROL) to 1 new leu (RON). The 1998 series remained in circulation until this redenomination. The pairing of Eminescu with the Athenaeum reflects Romania's cultural pride during the post-communist transition period.


country: Romania
currency: ROL
denomination: 2000
series_name: Eclipse series
series_year: 1999
series_range: 1999–2005
issue_year: 1999
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2005-07-01
successor_currency: Romanian Leu (RON)
issuer: Banca Naţională a României
issuer_native: BANCA NAŢIONALĂ A ROMÂNIEI
material: polymer
dimensions_mm: 140x70
watermark: Portrait of Mihai Eminescu in clear field
security_features: hologram, see_through_register, optically_variable_ink, microprint, uv, foil_patch
color_palette: #87ceeb,#ffd700,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Mihai Eminescu
reverse_subject: Total solar eclipse
themes: writer, science, commemorative
commemorative_occasion: Total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999
pick_number: P-111
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:43
front_description:
  Total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, visible across Romania; the note was issued to commemorate this rare astronomical event. The design shows a stylized representation of the eclipse with planets of the solar system (labeled 'ECLIPSA TOTALA DE SOARE' — 'Total Solar Eclipse'), orbital paths radiating from a central black disc representing the eclipsed sun. Romania lay in the path of totality, making this a significant national event; the note's innovative polymer design and astronomical theme marked a departure from traditional portrait-focused banknote design. Text 'AUGUST 1999' appears in the design field, referencing the month of the eclipse.

back_description:
  Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), Romania's national poet and a leading Romantic writer; he is considered the foremost figure in Romanian literature and his work profoundly shaped Romanian national identity. The portrait shows Eminescu in formal 19th-century attire with a bow tie. Accompanying the portrait is a quill pen and wheat ear symbolizing literature and the agricultural imagery present in his poetry; the BNR monogram appears in the design field. Eminescu's legacy as Romania's greatest poet makes him among the most honoured cultural figures on Romanian currency.

historical_notes:
  This 2000 lei polymer note was issued by Banca Naţională a României in 1999 as part of the 'Eclipse series' commemorating the total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, which crossed Romania. The series represents a unique moment in Romanian numismatics when the note's primary subject is an astronomical event rather than a historical figure, though Eminescu appears on the reverse. The note was printed on polymer substrate with advanced security features including a holographic foil patch showing the eclipse. Date '1999' is printed on the front alongside 'AUGUST 1999' within the eclipse design; the back shows '1998' near the denomination, likely indicating design preparation date. The series remained in circulation until July 1, 2005, when Romania redenominated its currency at 10,000 old lei = 1 new leu (RON), removing four zeros. This note is documented as Pick #111 in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money.


country: Romania
currency: Leu
denomination: 100
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: Banca Națională a Republicii Populare Române
issuer_native: BANCA NAȚIONALĂ A REPUBLICII POPULARE ROMÂNE
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #4a5f7a,#a8c5b5,#f5e6d3
portrait_subject: Nicolae Bălcescu
themes: statesman,commemorative
language_script: Latin
languages: pt,ro
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:46
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:04:46
front_description:
  The Rossio Square (Praça de D. Pedro IV) in Lisbon, Portugal, depicted in early-to-mid 19th century style with crowded street scene showing civilians, carriages, and neoclassical architecture. The inscription 'O ROSSIO NOS PRINCIPIOS DO SECULO XIX' (The Rossio at the beginning of the 19th century) appears at bottom. This is a Portuguese 100 escudos note issued by Banco de Portugal, featuring historical scenes from Lisbon's urban life during the Romantic period.

back_description:
  Nicolae Bălcescu (1819–1852), Romanian revolutionary, historian, and author; a central figure in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 and advocate for national unity and peasant rights. The note displays his portrait at left with the Romanian coat of arms at center, issued during Romania's communist period when the issuer was styled 'Banca Națională a Republicii Populare Române' (National Bank of the People's Republic of Romania). Serial number B 2411 475391 visible. The denomination 'UNA SUTĂ LEI' (One Hundred Lei) is printed in Romanian.

historical_notes:
  This is a mismatched pair: the front shows a Portuguese 100 escudos note from Banco de Portugal featuring the Rossio Square in Lisbon in the early 19th century, while the back is from a Romanian 100 lei note issued by the Banca Națională a Republicii Populare Române featuring Nicolae Bălcescu. The Romanian note dates from the communist era (1947–1965 based on the issuer name 'Republicii Populare Române' which was used before the 1965 constitutional change to 'Republicii Socialiste România'). The Portuguese escudo series depicting historical Lisbon scenes was issued in various series during the mid-20th century. Without being able to match the designs properly or see both sides of the same note, precise catalogue attribution is impossible.


country: Russia
currency: Russian Ruble
denomination: 200
series_name: State Bank of the USSR issue
series_year: 1992
series_range: 1991-1992
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1993
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble
successor_currency: Russian Ruble (1993 reform)
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #8b6f47,#90ee90,#a0522d
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin
themes: statesman,architecture
pick_number: P-242
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:24
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:24
front_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the main gate tower and clock tower built in 1491 by Pietro Antonio Solari, one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia. The tower stands 71 meters tall and houses the Kremlin Clock; it has served as the official entrance to the Kremlin since the 15th century and has been featured on Soviet and Russian currency throughout the 20th century as an emblem of state power.

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and first head of the Soviet state. Lenin established the world's first socialist state and remained the central ideological figure of the USSR; his portrait appeared on virtually all Soviet banknotes from the 1930s until the dissolution of the USSR. The State Emblem of the USSR featuring hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves is shown at right.

historical_notes:
  This 200 ruble note is from the final issue of the State Bank of the USSR, printed in 1991-1992 during the terminal crisis of the Soviet Union. The note bears the date 1992 but was issued by the 'State Bank of the USSR' (Государственного Банка СССР) even though the USSR formally dissolved on December 26, 1991. These notes continued to circulate briefly in the Russian Federation and other successor states in early 1992. The design features the traditional Soviet iconography of Lenin and the Kremlin that had appeared on USSR currency since the Stalin era. This series was rapidly demonetized during the hyperinflation of 1992-1993, replaced by new Russian Federation issues in 1993. The warning text states that counterfeiting is prosecuted by law. Serial number БГ 5447930 indicates a standard production run.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 500
series_name: State Bank of the USSR 1991 issue
series_year: 1991
series_range: 1991-1991
issue_year: 1991
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1993
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x69
watermark: Stars pattern in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio,geometric_guilloche
color_palette: #8b4513,#d4af37,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: statesman,architecture,communist
pick_number: P-246a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:49
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:49
front_description:
  Spasskaya Tower (Saviour's Tower) of the Moscow Kremlin, the most famous of the Kremlin's twenty towers, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and topped with the iconic star in the Soviet era. The tower houses the main clock of Russia and serves as the main entrance to Red Square; it became the principal symbol of Soviet state power throughout the 20th century.

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924), founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), leader of the October Revolution of 1917, and first head of the Soviet state. Lenin established the world's first socialist state and remains the most frequently depicted figure on Soviet currency. The State Emblem of the USSR appears at upper right, featuring the hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the final series issued by the State Bank of the USSR in 1991, the year of the Soviet Union's dissolution. The 1991 series was issued during the economic turmoil preceding the USSR's collapse in December 1991. Following the dissolution, this currency remained in circulation in the newly independent Russian Federation until it was replaced by new Russian banknotes in 1993 during currency reform. The pairing of Lenin's portrait with Kremlin imagery was standard iconography throughout Soviet monetary history. The inscription on the front reads '500 ПЯТЬСОТ РУБЛЕЙ' (500 Five Hundred Rubles) and the text states that counterfeiting of State Bank notes is punishable by law. Serial number АИ 2211593 suggests a relatively late print run within the series. This denomination and series are well-documented as Pick P-246a.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 25 Rubles
series_name: State Bank of the USSR Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
watermark: Hammer and sickle pattern in clear field at right
security_features: microprint,intaglio,watermark
color_palette: #8b7355,#d4c5a0,#556b2f
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,communist_iconography
pick_number: P-234a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,mo,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:51
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:51
front_description:
  The front of this Soviet 25-ruble note displays the denomination in multiple languages of the Soviet republics, including Russian (Cyrillic 'Двадцать Пять Рублей'), Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian. The multilingual text reflects the multinational character of the USSR, where all fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics were represented on the currency. The note bears the serial number 'ГВ 2223370' in red print, and includes the text 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (State Bank of the USSR Note) along with 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of State Bank notes is punishable by law).

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. His portrait appears in left profile within an ornate medallion, accompanied by the State Emblem of the Soviet Union featuring the hammer and sickle surrounded by a wreath of wheat, topped with a red star. Lenin was the most prominent figure on Soviet currency throughout the USSR's existence, symbolizing the communist ideology and the revolutionary transformation of Russia. The text 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (State Bank of the USSR Note) appears at top, with 'ДВЕСТИ РУБЛЕЙ' (Two Hundred Rubles) prominently displayed, though this is a 25-ruble note on the front—indicating this is a mismatched pair of images showing the back of a different denomination (200 rubles).

historical_notes:
  This is part of the 1961 monetary reform series issued by the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank), which replaced the 1947 series at a rate of 10:1 in an effort to combat inflation and consolidate the Soviet monetary system. The 1961 series remained in circulation until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The multilingual denomination text on the front was a distinctive feature of Soviet banknotes, reflecting the fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics and their respective languages. The serial number prefix 'ГВ' is a standard series indicator for Soviet notes. WARNING: The front and back images appear to show different denominations (25 rubles front, 200 rubles back), indicating a mismatched pair. The cataloguing of physical features, Pick number, and descriptions reflects this discrepancy. For the 25-ruble note alone, the correct Pick number is P-234a (issued 1961–1991). The back shown (200 rubles with Lenin) would be P-236 or related.


country: Russia
currency: Ruble
denomination: 25
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Билет Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a5a5,#8b7b8b,#f5e6d3
portrait_subject: Alexander III
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: monarch,statesman,communist
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:58
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:58
front_description:
  Alexander III (1845–1894), Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, known for his reactionary domestic policies and efforts to maintain autocratic rule. The portrait appears in an ornate baroque frame surmounted by the Imperial Russian crown and the double-headed eagle coat of arms. The Cyrillic text 'АЛЕКСАНДР III' appears beneath the portrait. This is highly unusual as Soviet-era currency typically did not feature Tsarist imagery; this appears to be a mismatched pair of images where the front is from an Imperial Russian state credit note.

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. His profile portrait appears at left on this 25-ruble note from 1961, part of the Soviet currency reform that redenominated the ruble at 10:1. The State Emblem of the USSR with hammer and sickle is displayed prominently at center top, with the text 'Билет Государственного Банка СССР' (State Bank of the USSR Note) and 'Двадцать пять рублей' (Twenty-five rubles).

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL FLAG: These images do NOT match — they appear to be front and back of two entirely different banknotes from different eras and issuers. The FRONT shows an Imperial Russian state credit note (Государственный кредитный билет) from the late 19th/early 20th century featuring Tsar Alexander III with Imperial regalia. The BACK shows a 1961 Soviet 25-ruble note featuring Lenin, issued during the Khrushchev-era currency reform of January 1, 1961, which redenominated at 10 old rubles = 1 new ruble. The 1961 series remained in circulation until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The denomination on the front appears to read '25 РУБЛЕЙ' but the design is entirely inconsistent with Soviet currency iconography. Without seeing the actual reverse of the Imperial note or the actual obverse of the 1961 Soviet note, confident cataloguing is impossible.


country: Romania
currency: Romanian Leu
denomination: 1000
era: pre_1900
legal_status: demonetized
issuer: State Bank of the Russian Empire
issuer_native: Государственный банкъ
signatures: Manager: Shipov; Cashier: Baryshev
printer: Goznak (State Printing Works)
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a8,#8b9a8f,#c19a6b
reverse_subject: Imperial Russian State Coat of Arms
themes: statesman,architecture
language_script: Latin,Cyrillic
languages: ro,ru
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:58
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:05:58
front_description:
  Romanian National Bank (Banca Națională a României) overprint on a Russian Imperial 1000-ruble note. The front shows the serial number 004A5019010 and architectural columns with decorative floral motifs. This represents Romanian occupation currency used during World War I when Romania occupied parts of Bessarabia and needed emergency currency; existing Russian Imperial notes were overprinted with Romanian authority markings.

back_description:
  Imperial Russian State Coat of Arms (double-headed eagle with crown, orb, and sceptre) at left. The text reads 'State Credit Note / Twenty-Five Rubles' in Russian (Государственный кредитный билетъ / Двадцать пять рублей). Serial number ГМ 635322. The date '1909' appears in an ornamental oval at bottom right. The note includes the signatures of Manager Shipov and Cashier Baryshev, standard for Russian Imperial currency of this period.

historical_notes:
  CRITICAL MISMATCH: The front and back images appear to show DIFFERENT notes. The front shows a Romanian-overprinted 1000 lei note ("BANCA NATIONALA A ROMANIEI / UNA MIE lei 1000" with Romanian text and serial 004A5019010). The back shows a Russian Imperial 25-ruble note dated 1909 ("ДВАДЦАТЬ ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ" with Cyrillic text, imperial eagle, and serial ГМ 635322). These are not the obverse and reverse of the same banknote. The front represents Romanian occupation/emergency currency from WWI (likely 1916–1918 when Romania issued overprinted Russian notes in occupied territories). The back is a standard Tsarist-era 25-ruble State Credit Note from 1909, issued under Nicholas II. The Shipov-Baryshev signature combination on Russian notes is documented for 1909–1912. Without being able to examine a single coherent note, precise Pick numbers and catalogue details cannot be confidently assigned.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 10
series_name: Fourth Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
watermark: Hammer and sickle with five-pointed star
security_features: microprint,intaglio,watermark
color_palette: #c48b7f,#e8d4b0,#8b4513
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,communist
pick_number: P-233
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:32
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:32
front_description:
  Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and Bolshevik leader who led the October Revolution of 1917 and served as the first leader of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union. Lenin's portrait appeared on Soviet banknotes from 1937 onwards and became the iconic symbol of Soviet currency. The front features the State Bank of the USSR emblem and multilingual denomination text in the languages of the Soviet republics.

back_description:
  Vladimir Lenin in profile portrait at right, with the State Emblem of the Soviet Union (hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat stalks) at upper left. The text 'БИЛЕТЪ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (Ticket of the State Bank of the USSR) and 'ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Ten Rubles) is prominently displayed. The design represents the standardized Soviet currency aesthetic of the 1961 monetary reform.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Fourth Series of Soviet currency, introduced during Khrushchev's monetary reform of January 1, 1961, which redenominated the ruble at a 10:1 ratio to combat inflation and simplify accounting. The 1961 series remained in circulation until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, making it the longest-running Soviet banknote series. Designed with enhanced security features and standardized sizing, this series reflected the relative economic stability of the Brezhnev era. The multilingual text reflects the multinational character of the USSR, including Russian and translations in languages of constituent republics. The date '1961' is printed on the note. These notes were demonetized following the collapse of the Soviet Union and replaced by Russian Federation currency in 1992–1993.


country: Russia
currency: RUB
denomination: 1000
series_name: 1992 series
series_year: 1992
series_range: 1992–1993
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1993
predecessor_currency: Soviet ruble
successor_currency: Russian ruble (redenominated 1993)
issuer: State Bank of the USSR (transitional note)
issuer_native: Государственный Банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x69
watermark: Hammer and sickle pattern
security_features: microprint,intaglio,security_thread
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#90c890
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Moscow Kremlin with Saint Basil's Cathedral
themes: statesman,architecture,commemorative
pick_number: P-250
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:33
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:33
front_description:
  Moscow Kremlin ensemble with Saint Basil's Cathedral. The Kremlin, the historic fortified complex in the heart of Moscow, serves as the official residence of the Russian president. Saint Basil's Cathedral (1555–1561), with its distinctive colorful onion domes, was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the capture of Kazan. This note represents the first post-Soviet Russian currency issue, retaining Soviet-era imagery during the transitional period of 1992–1993.

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), revolutionary leader, founder of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet state. Lenin led the October Revolution of 1917 and served as the first leader of Soviet Russia and then the Soviet Union until his death. His portrait appeared on Soviet and early Russian Federation banknotes as the dominant political figure of 20th-century Russian history. The State Emblem of the USSR appears at upper left.

historical_notes:
  This 1000-ruble note was issued in 1992 as part of the first Russian Federation currency series following the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. Despite being issued by the newly independent Russian Federation, the notes retained Soviet-era design elements including Lenin's portrait and the State Bank of the USSR inscription, reflecting the transitional nature of this issue. The series was printed with the year 1992 and circulated briefly before being replaced by the 1993 series as Russia underwent severe hyperinflation. The note was demonetized in 1993 when the Russian government introduced a reformed ruble series. Printed by Goznak (Russian State Mint), the traditional Soviet and Russian currency printer. Serial number format follows Soviet-era conventions with Cyrillic prefix 'ВЛ'.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 10
series_name: State Bank of the USSR 1961 series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961-1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 137x61
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#8b4513,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,political
pick_number: 233
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin
languages: ru,et,lv,lt,ka,hy,az,tk,uz,kk,ky
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:35
front_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution. As the first head of the Soviet government, Lenin established the communist state that would endure until 1991. His portrait appeared on virtually all Soviet banknotes from 1937 onwards, serving as the central ideological symbol of Soviet currency. The front displays the State Bank of the USSR emblem and multilingual denomination text in languages of Soviet republics, reflecting the multinational character of the USSR.

back_description:
  Vladimir Lenin in profile, accompanied by the State Arms of the Soviet Union (hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves with the red star above). The text reads 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (State Bank of the USSR Note) and '10 РУБЛЕЙ' (10 Rubles). The security text states that banknotes are backed by gold, precious metals, and other assets of the State Bank. This design, introduced during the 1961 monetary reform, remained in use through the collapse of the USSR.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 State Bank of the USSR series, introduced during Khrushchev's monetary reform on January 1, 1961, which redenominated the currency at a rate of 10:1 (10 old rubles = 1 new ruble). The reform aimed to simplify accounting and remove excess currency from circulation. The 1961 series remained the standard Soviet currency design until the USSR's dissolution in 1991. The serial number prefix 'тЭ' (Cyrillic letters) indicates a specific print run within the series. While no specific year is printed on this note, the design remained unchanged from 1961 through 1991. The printer Goznak (Гознак - Государственный знак) was the Soviet state security printing authority. This denomination was extremely common in everyday Soviet commerce and remains widely available to collectors today.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 10
series_name: 1961 Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x65
watermark: Stars pattern in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a276,#8b4513,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,communist
pick_number: P-233
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:36
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:06:36
front_description:
  Soviet 10 Ruble note from the 1961 series. The front features the denomination '10' with 'СССР' (USSR) and 'ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Ten Rubles) text in Russian, along with multilingual denomination translations for the various Soviet republics. The text at center reads 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of State Bank of the USSR notes is prosecuted by law). This series was issued during the 1961 monetary reform that redenominated the ruble at a rate of 10:1.

back_description:
  Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and first head of the Soviet government. His portrait appears in profile facing left within an oval frame. The State Emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves) appears at upper left. The denomination 'ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Ten Rubles) and 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (Note of the State Bank of the USSR) are prominently displayed. Lenin's image appeared on virtually all Soviet banknotes from 1938 onwards as the paramount symbol of the Soviet state.

historical_notes:
  This is a 10-ruble note from the 1961 series, issued by the State Bank of the USSR (Госбанк СССР). The 1961 monetary reform replaced the previous 1947 series at a rate of 10 old rubles to 1 new ruble, aimed at addressing post-war monetary issues. This series remained in circulation from 1961 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, making it one of the longest-circulating Soviet note series. The design features Lenin on the reverse and multilingual text on the front reflecting the multi-ethnic composition of the USSR, with denominations written in the languages of the 15 Soviet republics. The serial number prefix 'сО' is consistent with Goznak printing practices for this series. These notes were demonetized following the collapse of the USSR and replaced by Russian Federation rubles beginning in 1992–1993.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet ruble
denomination: 10 rubles
series_name: Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x65
watermark: Ornamental rosette pattern in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f4a460,#f5deb3,#8b4513
themes: industry
pick_number: 233a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,lv,lt,et,ka,hy,az,kk,uz,tk,tg,ky,ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:07:23
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:07:23
front_description:
  Geometric guilloche designs featuring ornamental rosettes and intricate line-work patterns typical of Soviet currency security printing. The text 'ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Ten Rubles) appears prominently with the inscription 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Forgery of State Bank of the USSR notes is prosecuted by law). The denomination '10' appears in multiple locations in Russian numerals. The note includes translations of 'Ten Rubles' in the languages of all Soviet Socialist Republics, reflecting the multinational composition of the USSR.

back_description:
  The text 'ТРИ РУБЛЯ' (Three Rubles) with geometric guilloche patterns and the numeral '3' appears prominently, along with multilingual text reading 'THREE RUBLES' in various Soviet national languages including Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Kyrgyz, and Moldavian. The security text warns against forgery in Russian. Note: This back appears to be from a different denomination (3 rubles) than the front (10 rubles), indicating a mismatched pair.

historical_notes:
  Series 1961 Soviet rubles were issued following Khrushchev's currency reform of 1961, which redenominated the ruble at a 10:1 ratio. This series remained in circulation throughout the final three decades of the Soviet Union (1961–1991) and was demonetized following the USSR's dissolution. The serial prefix 'КА' indicates a specific production series within the broader 1961 issue. These notes were printed by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state security printing works. The multilingual text on both sides reflects the official policy of recognizing the national languages of all fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics. The 1961 series is characterized by its predominantly geometric design without portraits, in contrast to earlier and later Soviet currency issues. This particular note shows signs of circulation. WARNING: The front and back images appear to show different denominations (10 rubles vs 3 rubles), which is inconsistent and suggests these may not be photographs of the same physical note.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet ruble
denomination: 3 rubles
series_name: Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный казначейский билет СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 125x62
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: intaglio,microprint,raised_print
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#708090,#8b4513
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,government
pick_number: 223
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:07:59
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:07:59
front_description:
  The State coat of arms of the Soviet Union (hammer and sickle within wheat sheaves and red star) at left, with the denomination THREE RUBLES (ТРИ РУБЛЯ) prominently displayed. The front features a view of the Kremlin complex with its distinctive towers and cathedrals rendered in fine engraving. The year 1961 appears in the lower left legal tender text panel. This denomination was part of the 1961 currency reform that revalued the Soviet ruble at 10:1, replacing the 1947 series during Khrushchev's economic modernization efforts.

back_description:
  The Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the most iconic of the Kremlin's towers, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and crowned with its distinctive ruby star in Soviet times. The tower faces Red Square and houses the main ceremonial gate to the Kremlin. The denomination FIVE RUBLES (ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ) appears prominently at center. The State coat of arms appears at upper left. The legal tender text reaffirms that State Treasury Notes are secured by all assets of the USSR and are valid throughout Soviet territory for all institutions, enterprises, and individuals at face value.

historical_notes:
  Series 1961, issued January 1, 1961, as part of Khrushchev's monetary reform that redenominated the Soviet ruble at 10:1 (10 old rubles = 1 new ruble). This series replaced the 1947 Stalin-era notes and remained in circulation until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The 1961 series introduced more standardized designs across denominations featuring Soviet architectural landmarks and the State coat of arms. The printed year 1961 identifies this as an original issue of the series. The 3-ruble denomination was common in everyday circulation throughout the Soviet period. All notes of this series were demonetized with the fall of the USSR and the introduction of Russian Federation currency. Pick catalogue number P-223 is well-documented for this issue.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: State Treasury Notes Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961-1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Казначейский Билет
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x57
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: guilloche_patterns,microprint
color_palette: #d4af37,#8b4513,#f5deb3
reverse_subject: State Emblem of the Soviet Union
themes: statesman,industry
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,uk,be,ka,hy,az,uz,kk,tg,tk,ky,lt,lv,et,ro
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:01
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:01
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of 5 rubles issued by the State Bank of the USSR. The note features the text 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) prominently at center, with denomination numerals '5' in ornate frames on both sides. The front carries multilingual inscriptions representing the fifteen Soviet republics, including Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Uzbek, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, and Moldovan. This reflects the Soviet policy of representing all constituent republics on state currency. The elaborate guilloche patterns and ornamental design are characteristic of Soviet currency security printing.

back_description:
  State Emblem of the Soviet Union (hammer and sickle within a wreath of wheat, topped with a red star) prominently displayed at left. The text 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ' (State Treasury Note) appears at top, with 'ОДИН РУБЛЬ' (One Ruble) at center - this appears to be a design template error as the front clearly shows 5 rubles. The back includes legal tender text stating these notes are accepted throughout the USSR and all territories. The brown-toned color scheme and geometric patterns are typical of Soviet currency design from this era.

historical_notes:
  The 1961 Soviet ruble reform introduced a new currency series following Khrushchev's monetary reform, which exchanged old rubles at a 10:1 ratio. This 5-ruble note belongs to the longest-running series of Soviet paper currency, remaining in circulation for three decades until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The series was designed to present a unified Soviet identity through multilingual text representing all fifteen republics. Serial number format with Cyrillic prefix letters (ДД in this case) followed by seven digits was standard for this series. These notes were printed by Goznak (the Soviet state security printer) and featured advanced anti-counterfeiting measures for their time. The 1961 series remained legal tender through multiple political changes until replaced by Russian Federation currency. No documented serial-year encoding exists for this series; dating requires reference to documented production records or signature analysis.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 1
series_name: 1961 Soviet Ruble Reform Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1991
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1993
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 104x50
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f5deb3,#8b4513,#556b2f
reverse_subject: State Emblem of the Soviet Union
themes: statesman,industry
pick_number: P-237
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin
languages: ru,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:02
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:02
front_description:
  The front features the denomination '1 рубль' (1 ruble) in large ornamental Cyrillic text with the inscription 'СССР' (USSR) at top right. The text panel at center right displays the denomination in multiple languages of the Soviet republics (Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kirghiz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian), reflecting the multinational character of the Soviet Union. The note includes the text 'ПОДДЕЛКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИХ БИЛЕТОВ ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of state treasury notes is punishable by law). This was the lowest denomination of the 1961 reform series, which dramatically revalued the ruble at 10:1.

back_description:
  The reverse displays the State Emblem of the Soviet Union (coat of arms) at left, featuring the hammer and sickle on a globe with wheat sheaves, ribbons representing the fifteen Soviet republics, and the rising sun. The text 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА' (State Bank Note) appears at top. The date '1991' is printed at center bottom, indicating this is a late printing of the 1961 series design. The text box at lower left states that banknotes are backed by gold, precious metals, and other assets of the State Bank. Serial number ЕЧ 3535986 visible at right.

historical_notes:
  This 1 ruble note belongs to the 1961 Soviet Ruble Reform Series, which was introduced to combat inflation and simplify currency following the post-war economic recovery. The series remained in circulation from 1961 until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. This particular note was printed in 1991, the final year of the Soviet Union's existence, making it one of the last issues before the state's collapse. The 1961 reform exchanged old rubles for new ones at a rate of 10:1. After the USSR dissolved in December 1991, these notes continued to circulate briefly in post-Soviet states before being replaced by new national currencies. In Russia, Soviet rubles were demonetized in 1993 when the Bank of Russia introduced its own ruble series. The multilingual denomination text reflects Soviet policy of recognizing the languages of constituent republics. Pick catalogue reference P-237 covers the 1991-dated issue of this design.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 1 Ruble / 25 Rubles
series_name: State Bank of the USSR Series of 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (pre-1961 reform)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Билет Государственного Банка СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 110x55
watermark: Stars pattern in clear field
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #f5deb3,#8b4789,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: State Emblem of the USSR
themes: statesman,communist,political
pick_number: 237a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:18
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:18
front_description:
  The note shows the denomination '1 Ruble' (ОДИН РУБЛЬ) in Russian, with '1' repeated in ornamental rosettes. The text reads 'USSR' (СССР) at top and 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of State Bank of the USSR notes is prosecuted by law) at bottom. This is the front of a 1 ruble note from the 1961 Soviet currency reform, which redenominated the ruble at 10:1, replacing the Stalin-era currency with a new series that remained in circulation until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

back_description:
  Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet Union, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and first head of the Soviet state. His portrait appears at left in profile, facing right. The State Emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves, topped with a star) is displayed at center top, with text reading 'БИЛЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР' (State Bank of the USSR Note) and 'ДВАДЦАТЬ ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Twenty-Five Rubles). The year '1961' appears at lower right. The denomination '25' is shown in a central ornamental panel. The text below states that banknotes are secured by gold, precious metals, and other assets of the State Bank.

historical_notes:
  This is a mismatched pair: the front shows a 1 ruble note (ОДИН РУБЛЬ) while the back shows a 25 ruble note (ДВАДЦАТЬ ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ), both from the State Bank of the USSR Series of 1961. The 1961 currency reform was implemented under Khrushchev to combat inflation and replace the large-denomination Stalin-era notes. The reform exchanged old rubles for new at a 10:1 ratio, with old banknotes dated 1947, 1957, and 1958 being replaced. The 1961 series featured Lenin's portrait on all denominations and remained the standard Soviet currency until the USSR's dissolution in 1991. These notes were printed by Goznak (the Soviet state security printing works). Pick-237a refers to the 1961 series 25 ruble note with the specific security features and design elements of this issue.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 25 Rubles
series_name: Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
watermark: Hammer and sickle pattern
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #8b4513,#d2b48c,#f5deb3
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,commemorative
pick_number: P-236
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin
languages: ru,lv,et,lt
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:26
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:08:26
front_description:
  The front features ornamental design with denomination '25' and text in multiple languages of the Soviet Union. The multilingual text reads 'Twenty-five rubles' in Russian, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, and other Soviet languages, reflecting the multinational character of the USSR. The note displays intricate guilloche patterns and a multicolor rosette security element at right. This design was part of the 1961 currency reform that redenominated the ruble at a rate of 10:1.

back_description:
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. His profile portrait appears at right within an ornate frame, with the Soviet coat of arms (hammer and sickle with star and wheat sheaves) at upper left. The text 'Билет Государственного Банка СССР' (Ticket of the State Bank of the USSR) and '10 рублей' appears prominently, with the date '1961' at bottom right. Lenin's image appeared on virtually all Soviet banknotes from the 1930s until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

historical_notes:
  The 1961 Soviet ruble series was introduced as part of Nikita Khrushchev's currency reform on January 1, 1961, which redenominated the currency at a rate of 10 old rubles to 1 new ruble. This series remained in circulation until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The 25-ruble denomination was one of the higher-value notes in everyday circulation. The multilingual text on the front reflects the federal structure of the USSR, with denominations printed in the languages of the Soviet republics. The serial prefix 'Бо' (Bo in Cyrillic) is typical for this series. These notes were printed by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state security printing works. All notes in this series featured Lenin's portrait on the reverse, emphasizing his central role in Soviet ideology. The note was demonetized following the dissolution of the USSR and replaced by Russian Federation currency.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: Fourth series Soviet ruble
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (Third series, 1947)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x59
watermark: Stars pattern in clear field
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #e6d5b8,#c19a6b,#8b7355
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: 224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,az,ka,hy,tk,ky,tg,lt,lv,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:03
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:21
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of the USSR (Государственный казначейский билет СССР), 5 rubles denomination. The note features multilingual inscriptions stating 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) in Russian and the value repeated in the languages of all 15 Soviet republics (including Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Uzbek, and others). The front includes ornate guilloche patterns forming rosettes and decorative frames typical of Soviet banknote design, with the text 'Подделка государственных казначейских билетов преследуется по закону' (Counterfeiting of state treasury notes is prosecuted by law) at bottom. This design represented the unified monetary system of all Soviet Socialist Republics from 1961 until the dissolution of the USSR.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the iconic clock tower facing Red Square. Built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and topped with its distinctive star in the Soviet era, the Spasskaya Tower is the most recognizable of the Kremlin's towers and serves as the main entrance to the Kremlin. The clock, installed in the 16th century and modified multiple times, is a symbol of Russian timekeeping and state authority. The note displays 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР' (State Treasury Note of the USSR) at top, with the Soviet coat of arms featuring hammer and sickle at upper left, and the date '1961' at lower left indicating the year of the 1961 monetary reform.

historical_notes:
  This is the 5-ruble State Treasury Note from the Fourth series of Soviet rubles, issued following the January 1961 monetary reform (денежная реформа 1961 года) that redenominated the currency at a ratio of 10:1. The reform replaced the Third series (1947) notes with new lower-denomination currency, with this 5-ruble note being one of the smallest denominations issued. The 1961 series remained in circulation throughout the remainder of Soviet history until the USSR's dissolution in 1991, when these notes were demonetized and replaced by the currencies of the newly independent republics, primarily the Russian ruble. The design emphasized Soviet multinational unity by displaying the denomination in all 15 republican languages. The dated '1961' printed on the note directly indicates the year of this monetary reform. The Spasskaya Tower reverse motif reinforced Moscow and the Kremlin as the center of Soviet power. These notes were printed by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state security printing works. The serial number format 'ЮЭ 3071047' is typical for this series, with Cyrillic prefix letters used for different print runs.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: 1961 Soviet Ruble Reform Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961-1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 137x61
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#e8d4b8,#8b7355
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic (Russian) with text in Latin and other scripts for non-Slavic languages
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,mo,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:04
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of the USSR, 5 rubles denomination. The note features multilingual text reading 'Five Rubles' in Russian and the languages of the 15 Soviet republics (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian). The text states that State Treasury Notes are accepted throughout the USSR for all payments at face value. The 1961 currency reform created this series following Khrushchev's redenomination at 10:1, replacing the 1947 series during a period of economic restructuring.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the most famous tower of the Kremlin complex, built 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari; its clock was installed in 1625 and the tower serves as the main entrance to Red Square. The Soviet coat of arms (hammer and sickle with star and grain wreath) appears at upper left. The date '1961' is printed at bottom left, marking the year of the currency reform that introduced this series. This tower became an iconic symbol of Soviet state power and appears on multiple denominations of this series.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 Soviet Ruble Reform Series, introduced following Khrushchev's monetary reform of January 1, 1961, which redenominated the currency at a rate of 10 old rubles to 1 new ruble. The reform aimed to simplify calculations and restore confidence after post-war inflation. These notes circulated throughout the Soviet period until the USSR's dissolution in 1991. The series is notable for featuring multilingual text in all 15 languages of the Soviet republics, reflecting the federal structure of the USSR. The 5-ruble note was a common denomination for everyday transactions. The serial number prefix 'Тъ' indicates a specific print series. These notes were printed by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state printing works. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, these notes were withdrawn and replaced by Russian Federation currency.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: 1961 Reform Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Казначейский Билет СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x54
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: guilloche_patterns,microprint,intricate_borders
color_palette: #f5deb3,#dda0dd,#4682b4
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman,industry
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:05
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of the USSR, 5 Rubles. The front features the denomination '5' (ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ) in the center with multilingual denomination text in the languages of the Soviet republics including Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian. The text states that State Treasury Notes are secured by gold, precious metals and other assets of the state and are legal tender throughout the USSR. Serial number ЯН 1964516 visible at bottom.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the most iconic of the Kremlin towers, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and topped with its distinctive ruby star. The tower houses the famous Kremlin chimes and serves as the main ceremonial entrance to Red Square. The State Coat of Arms of the USSR (hammer and sickle within wreath, topped by star) appears at upper left. The date '1961' appears on the back, marking the denomination reform that removed one zero from the currency.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 Soviet currency reform series, which replaced the 1947 series at a rate of 10:1 (10 old rubles = 1 new ruble) as part of Khrushchev's economic policies. The reform aimed to simplify accounting and combat inflation. The 1961 series was the last complete Soviet ruble series and remained in circulation until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. These notes featured the State Coat of Arms and iconic Soviet architectural landmarks. The multilingual text on the front represents the fifteen Soviet republics. Printed by Goznak (Государственный знак - State Sign), the Soviet state security printing works. This series is well-documented and common in the numismatic market.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: 1961 Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 Series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Казначейский Билет СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x57
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: guilloche_patterns,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#b8a890,#6b8ba3
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower, Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic,Latin,Armenian,Georgian
languages: ru,uk,be,kk,uz,ky,tg,az,lt,lv,et,hy,ka,ro,tk
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:29
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:29
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of the USSR, 5 rubles. The front features multicolored guilloche patterns with denomination numerals in ornate frames at left and right. The center contains text in Russian and the official languages of the Soviet republics (including Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Estonian, Turkmen, and Uzbek), stating 'Five Rubles' and 'Counterfeit state treasury notes are prosecuted by law'. This multilingual design was characteristic of Soviet currency, reflecting the USSR's federal structure and multiple constituent republics.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the iconic clock tower with its distinctive star-topped spire, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and serving as the main entrance to the Kremlin from Red Square. The tower has been the symbolic gateway to Soviet power since 1917 and remains one of Russia's most recognizable landmarks. The State Emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle within wheat sheaves) appears at upper left, with the date '1961' below. Text at top reads 'State Treasury Note of the USSR' (Государственный Казначейский Билет СССР).

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 monetary reform series that replaced the 1947 series at a 10:1 redenomination ratio. The reform was part of Khrushchev's economic policy and remained in circulation for three decades until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The 1961 series introduced a new design language emphasizing Soviet architecture and industrial achievements rather than portraits of leaders, reflecting the post-Stalin de-Stalinization period. The multicolored guilloche work was produced by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state printing works. The visible serial number format 'ВЯ 0451268' uses Cyrillic prefix letters, standard for Soviet banknote production. This denomination was widely used for everyday transactions throughout the Soviet period.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 10 Rubles
series_name: Series 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x65
watermark: Hammer and sickle emblem in clear field
security_features: watermark,guilloche_patterns,microprint
color_palette: #d4a574,#f5e6d3,#8b4513
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: 233a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:30
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:09:30
front_description:
  State Bank of the USSR 10-ruble note from the 1961 currency reform series. The front displays the denomination '10 РУБЛЕЙ' (10 Rubles) with ornate guilloche rosettes and the inscription 'СССР' (USSR). Text in multiple languages of the Soviet Union appears at lower right, translating 'ten rubles' into the fifteen republics' languages (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kirghiz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, Estonian). The 1961 reform redenominated the ruble at 10:1, replacing Stalin-era notes with this series that circulated until the USSR's dissolution.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower (Saviour's Tower) of the Moscow Kremlin, the most recognizable tower of the Kremlin complex, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The tower houses the main gate to Red Square and is crowned with the iconic red star. The State Emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle within wreath, surmounted by star) appears at upper left. Text reads 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР' (State Treasury Note of the USSR) and 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) - note the discrepancy: the back shows '5 rubles' while the front shows '10 rubles', indicating this is a mismatched pair of images.

historical_notes:
  This is the 1961 series of Soviet state treasury notes, introduced during Khrushchev's monetary reform which redenominated the ruble 10:1 (replacing 10 old rubles with 1 new ruble). The series was designed to remove Stalin-era currency and featured multilingual inscriptions reflecting the federal nature of the USSR's fifteen constituent republics. The 1961 series circulated until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, when it was replaced by Russian Federation currency. Pick 233a specifically refers to the 10-ruble denomination with the serial prefix format seen here. The serial number 'Эа 3599192' uses Cyrillic prefix 'Эа'. Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state printing works, produced all USSR banknotes. IMPORTANT: The provided images show a MISMATCHED PAIR - the front is a 10-ruble note while the back is from a 5-ruble note (evident from both the denomination numeral '5' and the text 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ'). The cataloguing above reflects the FRONT (10-ruble) note's characteristics.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: 1961 Reform series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 107x57
watermark: Stars pattern
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a574,#e8d5c0,#8b7355
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Armenian, Georgian
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:34
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of the USSR, 5 rubles denomination. The front features multilingual text in fifteen languages of the Soviet republics (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian) stating the denomination and legal tender status. The text reads 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) prominently at center, surrounded by ornate guilloche patterns in pastel shades. This design reflects the multi-ethnic character of the Soviet Union and was part of the 1961 currency reform that redenominated the ruble at a ratio of 10:1.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the principal tower facing Red Square, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and later topped with its distinctive tent roof and star in the Soviet era. The tower houses the famous Kremlin chimes and serves as the symbolic gateway to the Kremlin. The back also displays the Soviet coat of arms (hammer and sickle with globe and rising sun) at upper left, with text 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР' (State Treasury Note of the USSR) and 'Пять рублей' (Five Rubles). The denomination '5' appears in numerals at corners. Year 1961 is printed in small text on the left side.

historical_notes:
  This 5-ruble note belongs to the 1961 Reform series issued by the State Bank of the USSR following Khrushchev's currency reform of January 1, 1961, which redenominated the Soviet ruble at 10 old rubles to 1 new ruble. The reform aimed to simplify monetary calculations and remove excess currency from circulation following post-WWII inflation. This series remained in circulation throughout the late Soviet period until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The multilingual text on the front demonstrates Soviet policy of recognizing the fifteen constituent republics. The note was printed by Goznak (the Soviet state printing works). The serial number format (Cyrillic prefix + digits) was standard for Soviet banknotes of this era. These notes are now common in the numismatic market as large quantities survived the Soviet collapse.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble (SUR)
denomination: 5
series_name: Issue of 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991-12-26
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (Issue of 1947)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Казначейский Билет СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x58
watermark: Repeating pattern with stars
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f5deb3,#e6b8af,#4a5568
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin, Georgian, Armenian
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:07
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:07
front_description:
  Soviet State Treasury Note (Государственный Казначейский Билет) of 5 rubles. The note displays the denomination in a central ornamental rosette with the text "ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ" (Five Rubles) and multilingual denominations in the languages of the Soviet republics (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kirghiz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, Estonian). The text includes a legal tender declaration stating these state treasury notes are accepted throughout the USSR and are equal to coins in payment. The 1961 currency reform redenominated the ruble at 10:1, removing a zero from all denominations.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the iconic clock tower facing Red Square, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and topped with its distinctive star in the Soviet era. The tower serves as the ceremonial entrance to the Kremlin and houses the famous Kremlin chimes. The State Coat of Arms of the USSR appears at upper left, featuring the hammer and sickle, globe, rising sun, and wheat sheaves bound with ribbons inscribed with the Soviet republics' languages. Date "1961" appears at lower left, indicating the year of the currency reform and series introduction.

historical_notes:
  The 1961 Soviet ruble series was introduced as part of Nikita Khrushchev's currency reform, which redenominated the currency at a ratio of 10:1 (10 old rubles = 1 new ruble). This reform aimed to simplify monetary calculations and was accompanied by a complete redesign of all denominations. The 5-ruble note remained in circulation until the dissolution of the USSR on December 26, 1991, when the State Bank of the USSR ceased operations and was succeeded by the Central Bank of Russia. This series is notable for its multilingual inscriptions reflecting the fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics. The serial number prefix "нЭ" (Cyrillic) was used in various print runs throughout the series' 30-year lifespan. Printed by Goznak (Гознак), the Soviet state security printing works.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble (SUR)
denomination: 5 Rubles (front) / 10 Rubles (back)
series_name: 1961 Reform Series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4a574,#c89b7c,#8b6b5c
portrait_subject: Vladimir Lenin
reverse_subject: Vladimir Lenin
themes: statesman,communist_ideology
language_script: Cyrillic,Latin
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:23
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:23
front_description:
  Five Rubles note from the 1961 Soviet monetary reform series. The front features the denomination in large Cyrillic text ('ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ') with multilingual denomination text in seven languages of the Soviet republics (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, and others), reflecting the USSR's multinational character. The 1961 reform redenominated the ruble at 10:1, with these notes designed to reflect Soviet ideological unity and economic modernization under Khrushchev.

back_description:
  Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet Union and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Lenin's portrait appears on the back of this 10 Rubles note, printed in brown-red tones. He served as head of the Soviet government from 1917 until his death in 1924, and his image became the standard motif on Soviet currency throughout the USSR's existence. The State Emblem of the USSR appears at upper left.

historical_notes:
  This appears to be a mismatched pair: the front is from a 5 Rubles note while the back is from a 10 Rubles note, both from the 1961 Soviet Reform Series. The 1961 monetary reform was implemented on January 1, 1961, exchanging old rubles for new ones at a rate of 10:1. This series remained in circulation until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The multilingual denomination text on the front reflects the Soviet policy of recognizing the languages of the constituent republics. The serial number visible on the front (ыП 4792463) uses Cyrillic prefix letters, a standard feature of Soviet banknotes. Both notes were printed by Goznak, the Soviet state printing works. These notes became demonetized following the collapse of the USSR and the introduction of Russian Federation currency. The 1961 series is common and widely collected as representative examples of late Soviet-era currency design.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 10 Rubles
series_name: Fourth series
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (Third series)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x75
watermark: Hammer and sickle with stars
security_features: microprint,intaglio,raised_print
color_palette: #d4917b,#e6d5a8,#8b4513
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman
pick_number: 233a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic, Latin
languages: ru,lv,lt,et,ka,hy,az,uz,tg,tk,ky,kk,ro,uk,be
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:29
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:10:29
front_description:
  State emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle within wreath) at center. The denomination '10 РУБЛЕЙ' (10 Rubles) appears in multilingual text representing all fifteen Soviet republics, including Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Moldovan, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. This multilingual design was introduced in the 1961 currency reform to emphasize the unity of the Soviet republics. The text 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БАНКА СССР ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Forgery of State Bank of the USSR notes is prosecuted by law) serves as an anti-counterfeiting warning.

back_description:
  Spasskaya Tower (Savior Tower) of the Moscow Kremlin, the most famous of the Kremlin towers, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The tower houses the Kremlin Clock and serves as the main entrance to Red Square. The State coat of arms of the USSR appears at top left. The year '1961' is printed on the lower left, marking the major currency reform that redenominated the ruble at a rate of 10:1. The text 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КАЗНАЧЕЙСКИЙ БИЛЕТ СССР' (State Treasury Note of the USSR) appears across the top, and 'Пять рублей' (Five rubles) appears prominently at center, with the denomination repeated at right.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Fourth series of Soviet banknotes, issued following the 1961 monetary reform under Nikita Khrushchev. The reform redenominated the ruble at 10:1 (10 old rubles = 1 new ruble) and aimed to simplify accounting and combat inflation. The 1961 series was the first to feature all fifteen Soviet republic languages, reflecting the official policy of national unity. These notes remained in circulation until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The serial number prefix 'мБ' (mB in Latin) indicates a specific print run. The note shown here displays denomination '10' on the front but '5' on the back, which suggests a mismatched pair (see flags). Standard 10-ruble notes of this series feature olive-green tones and depict Lenin on the front, not this design.


country: Soviet Union
currency: Soviet Ruble
denomination: 5
series_name: Issue of 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
issue_year: 1961
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (reform of 1947)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный Казначейский Билет СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 111x57
watermark: Star pattern in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio,watermark
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b9ba8,#c19a6b
reverse_subject: Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
themes: architecture,statesman,political
pick_number: P-224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic with multilingual inscriptions
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:17
front_description:
  The front of this State Treasury note bears the denomination '5 РУБЛЕЙ' (5 Rubles) in the center with multilingual text stating 'FIVE RUBLES' in the languages of the Soviet republics (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kirghiz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, Estonian). The text at bottom reads 'Forgery of State Treasury notes is punishable by law.' This denomination was part of the 1961 currency reform that revalued the Soviet ruble at 10:1, introducing a new series designed to project stability and Soviet unity.

back_description:
  The Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the most iconic tower of the Kremlin complex. Built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, it features the famous chiming clock and serves as the main ceremonial entrance to the Kremlin. The tower was topped with the Soviet star in 1937. The State Emblem of the USSR (hammer and sickle surrounded by wheat sheaves) appears at upper left. The date '1961' appears prominently, marking the year of the monetary reform.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 currency reform series issued by the State Bank of the USSR. The reform, announced on January 1, 1961, exchanged old rubles for new at a 10:1 ratio and was designed to combat inflation and simplify calculations. The series featured multilingual inscriptions reflecting all 15 Soviet republics, emphasizing Soviet unity. These notes remained legal tender throughout the Soviet period until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, when they were gradually replaced by Russian Federation currency. The series was printed by Goznak (the Soviet state security printer). This specific design with the Kremlin tower became one of the most recognizable Soviet banknotes. The note shows serial number aa 8234361 with lowercase Cyrillic prefix.


country: Russia
currency: Ruble
denomination: 250
series_name: Far Eastern Republic issue
series_year: 1917
series_range: 1920-1922
issue_year: 1920
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1922
successor_currency: Soviet Ruble
issuer: State Credit Note of the Far Eastern Republic
issuer_native: Государственный Кредитный Билет Дальневосточной Республики
signatures: Upravlyayushchiy (Manager): signature visible; Kassir (Cashier): signature visible
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b5a5a,#2d4a2e
reverse_subject: Mount and agricultural scene with plow
themes: agriculture,transport,industry
pick_number: S1203
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:17
front_description:
  State Credit Note of the Far Eastern Republic (Государственный Кредитный Билет Дальневосточной Республики), 250 rubles, dated 1917 but issued circa 1920. The Far Eastern Republic (1920-1922) was a nominally independent buffer state in eastern Siberia that existed between Soviet Russia and Japan-occupied territories during the Russian Civil War. This note represents the transitional currency issued by this short-lived republic before its reintegration into Soviet Russia. The denomination of 250 rubles reflects the hyperinflationary pressures of the Civil War period. Text indicates the note is secured by all property of the republic, backed with gold coins, and contains 17.424 shares of pure gold.

back_description:
  Agricultural scene with a horse-drawn plow in the foreground and a prominent mountain in the background, likely representing the natural resources and agricultural economy of the Far Eastern territories. The text 'Дальневосточной Республики' (Far Eastern Republic) appears centrally, with the date 1920 below. The imagery emphasizes the agrarian foundation of the region and its natural landscape. Red signatures of the Manager (Upravlyayushchiy) and Cashier (Kassir) appear at bottom left and right.

historical_notes:
  This 250 ruble note was issued by the Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосточная Республика), a buffer state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. Created under Soviet influence to avoid direct military confrontation with Japanese occupation forces, the republic had its capital in Chita (later Vladivostok). The note is dated 1917 on the front (likely referencing an earlier printing series or design authorization), but was actually issued circa 1920 during the republic's existence. Serial number AA 086 and AA 01019 (front and back respectively) suggest this is from an early print run. The Far Eastern Republic was dissolved and incorporated into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1922 after Japanese withdrawal. These notes became demonetized upon reunification. The hyperinflationary context of the Russian Civil War necessitated high denominations like this 250 ruble note.


country: Russia
currency: RUB
denomination: 5
series_name: State Treasury Notes of 1961
series_year: 1961
series_range: 1961–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble (1947 reform)
successor_currency: Russian Ruble
issuer: State Bank of the USSR
issuer_native: Государственный банк СССР
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 114x57
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a373,#c8b59a,#9b8579
reverse_subject: Double-headed eagle of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
themes: statesman,architecture
pick_number: 224
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru,uk,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,ro,lv,ky,tg,hy,tk,et
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:20
front_description:
  State Treasury Note of 5 rubles issued by the State Bank of the USSR during the 1961 currency reform. This reform denominated the Soviet ruble at a 10:1 ratio, replacing the 1947 series notes. The front features an ornate multicoloured guilloche design with the denomination '5' in decorative frames at left and right corners, and text in Russian stating 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) at center. Below the main denomination text is a multilingual declaration in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Latvian, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian stating 'Counterfeiting of state treasury notes is punishable by law.' Serial number ШВ 9789923 appears at bottom.

back_description:
  Double-headed eagle emblem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) at center, featuring a two-headed eagle with wings spread, positioned within an ornate guilloche rosette. The denomination appears four times: 'РУБЛЕЙ' (rubles) at top left and right, with stylized '5' numerals in decorative frames at left and right center, and 'РУБЛЕЙ' repeated at bottom left and right. The inscription 'ПОДДЕЛКА КРЕДИТНЫХ БИЛЕТОВ ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of credit notes is punishable by law) appears at center bottom. The RSFSR eagle was used on Soviet banknotes of this series to represent one of the constituent republics.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1961 State Treasury Notes series (Государственные казначейские билеты), issued following Khrushchev's currency reform of January 1, 1961. The reform redenominated the Soviet ruble at 10 old rubles = 1 new ruble, with the stated goal of simplifying accounting and eliminating large-denomination notes from circulation. The 1961 series remained in use throughout the remainder of the Soviet period until demonetization in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR. These notes were issued alongside State Bank Notes (credit rubles) of the same design family. The multilingual text reflects the multinational character of the Soviet Union, with denominations printed in all 15 official languages of the union republics. Pick number P-224. The serial number prefix 'ШВ' corresponds to a documented print block. No specific issue year can be determined from the serial number alone for this series, as Goznak used block prefixes rather than year encoding. The 1961 series was printed continuously from 1961 through the late 1980s with the same basic design.


country: Russia
currency: Ruble
denomination: 1000
series_name: State Credit Note Issue 1919
series_year: 1919
series_range: 1919–1920
issue_year: 1919
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1922
predecessor_currency: Imperial Ruble
successor_currency: Soviet Ruble (denomination reform 1922–1924)
issuer: State Bank of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
issuer_native: Государственный банкъ
signatures: Cashier: signature visible; Manager: signature visible
printer: Goznak (State Printing Works)
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b4513,#d2b48c,#f5f5dc
reverse_subject: Imperial Russian double-headed eagle
themes: statesman,architecture,agriculture
pick_number: P-13b
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:44
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:11:44
front_description:
  Allegorical scene depicting agricultural labor in rural Russia, showing peasant figures working in the countryside with trees and landscape elements. This design represents the agrarian foundation of the early Soviet economy during the Russian Civil War period. The denomination '1000 РУБЛЕЙ' (1000 rubles) appears prominently, with the warning text 'ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТА ПРЕСЛЕДУЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ' (Counterfeiting of notes is prosecuted according to law) at bottom center.

back_description:
  The Imperial Russian double-headed eagle within a laurel wreath appears at left, representing continuity with pre-revolutionary Russian state symbols despite the political transformation. The ornate center features the text 'ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КРЕДИТНЫЙ БИЛЕТЪ СТО РУБЛЕЙ' (State Credit Note One Hundred Rubles) surrounded by elaborate baroque scrollwork and floral motifs. The date '1910' appears at bottom, indicating the design's origins in pre-revolutionary printing plates that were overprinted or reused during the Civil War shortage of paper and printing capacity. Serial number 'ЛМ141171' visible.

historical_notes:
  This 1000-ruble note belongs to the State Credit Note series issued by the RSFSR during 1919–1920, a period of hyperinflation and economic chaos during the Russian Civil War. The back design reuses Imperial Russian printing plates from 1910, a common expedient when the Bolshevik government faced severe shortages of paper, ink, and printing capacity. The retention of the Imperial double-headed eagle on notes issued by the Soviet government reflects the pragmatic reuse of existing plates rather than ideological choice. This series was demonetized during the 1922–1924 currency reforms that introduced the chervonets and stabilized the Soviet monetary system. The serial prefix 'ЛМ' indicates a specific print run. No known public serial-year encoding exists for this issuer during this chaotic period.


country: Rwanda
currency: Rwandan franc
denomination: 100
series_name: 1997-2003 issue
series_range: 1997-2003
issue_year: 2003
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: National Bank of Rwanda
issuer_native: Banque Nationale du Rwanda
signatures: Governor: [signature present]; 2nd Vice-Governor: [signature present]
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x75
security_features: microprint,latent_image,see_through_register,intaglio
color_palette: #d4a76a,#8b7355,#e6d5b8
reverse_subject: Agricultural scene with oxen plowing
themes: agriculture,wildlife
pick_number: 29
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,fr
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:36
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:36
front_description:
  The Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam on the Yenisei River in Siberia, one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia. This 124-meter high dam was completed in 1972 and represents Soviet-era industrial achievement. The note displays text in Russian (ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ, 'ten rubles') with the date 1997, though this appears to be a mismatched pair as the front shows a Russian 10-ruble note while the back shows a Rwandan 100-franc note.

back_description:
  Traditional Rwandan agricultural scene depicting farmers plowing fields with cattle (likely Ankole-Watusi cattle, known for their distinctive long horns), representing Rwanda's predominantly agricultural economy. The coat of arms of Rwanda appears at right, featuring a sun, sorghum, and coffee plant within circular frames. The date 01-09-2003 indicates the signature date. Text appears in French and English: 'BANQUE NATIONALE DU RWANDA / NATIONAL BANK OF RWANDA' and 'Payables à vue - Payable at sight' with denomination 'CENT FRANCS ONE HUNDRED FRANCS'.

historical_notes:
  This is part of the 1997-2003 series of Rwandan francs issued by the National Bank of Rwanda following the post-genocide reconstruction period. The franc has been Rwanda's currency since 1964, replacing the Rwanda and Burundi franc after the dissolution of the currency union. The 100-franc denomination was a mid-range note in circulation during this period. The agricultural imagery reflects Rwanda's economy, which remains heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture. The signatures correspond to bank officials serving in 2003. NOTE: The front image appears to show a Russian 10-ruble note from 1997 featuring the Krasnoyarsk dam, which does NOT match this Rwandan 100-franc note shown on the back. This represents a mismatched pair.


country: Russia
currency: RUB
denomination: 5
series_name: 1997 modification
series_range: 1997–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
predecessor_currency: Soviet Ruble
issuer: Bank of Russia
issuer_native: Банк России
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 137x61
security_features: microprint,intaglio,thread,optically_variable_ink
color_palette: #8b9c87,#d4c5a0,#5a7565
portrait_subject: Catherine II of Russia
reverse_subject: Monument to the Millennium of Russia in Novgorod
themes: monarch,architecture,commemorative
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:43
front_description:
  Catherine II of Russia (Catherine the Great, 1729–1796), Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She presided over the Russian Enlightenment, expanded the empire's borders through military victories and diplomatic skill, and is considered one of Russia's greatest rulers. The ornate design includes allegorical figures representing abundance and prosperity, reflecting the elaborate Imperial Russian aesthetic with baroque ornamentation, scrollwork, and the denomination '100 РУБЛЕЙ' (100 Rubles) in pre-revolutionary styling. This front design reproduces the Imperial 100-ruble note issued under Catherine II's reign.

back_description:
  The Monument to the Millennium of Russia (Тысячелетие России) in Veliky Novgorod, unveiled in 1862 to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of Rurik's arrival in 862 CE, traditionally marking the founding of the Russian state. The monument, designed by Mikhail Mikeshin, stands in the Novgorod Kremlin and depicts key figures from Russian history. Behind it is Saint Sophia Cathedral with its distinctive green and silver onion domes, one of Russia's oldest stone structures, built in 1045–1050. The text reads 'БИЛЕТ БАНКА РОССИИ' (Bank of Russia Note) and 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles).

historical_notes:
  This note represents a hybrid design combining historical Imperial Russian imagery with modern Russian Federation currency. The front reproduces the elaborate Catherine II-era 100 ruble note design from the late 18th century, while the back features the modern 5 ruble denomination with 20th-century imagery. The 1997 Russian ruble reform (denomination 1000:1) introduced the current ruble series; 5-ruble notes from this series have been issued in multiple modifications (1997, 2001, 2010 onwards) with various security feature upgrades. The serial number prefix 'ЬЯ' (bYA) is a standard Bank of Russia series identifier. The juxtaposition of Imperial Catherine II imagery with Soviet/post-Soviet Novgorod monuments creates an unusual numismatic artifact bridging multiple eras of Russian history.


country: Rwanda
currency: Rwandan Franc
denomination: 100
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: National Bank of Rwanda
issuer_native: Banki Nasiyonali y'u Rwanda
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #e8d9b5,#7b9cb0,#c4a876
reverse_subject: King Faisal of Saudi Arabia
themes: monarch,indigenous_culture,agriculture
language_script: Latin, Arabic
languages: rw,ar
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:44
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:44
front_description:
  Lake Kivu, one of the African Great Lakes located on the border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The lake sits in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift, and is known for its scenic beauty surrounded by mountains. Traditional Rwandan basket (agaseke) appears at right, a significant cultural artifact symbolizing peace, unity and prosperity in Rwandan tradition. The text reads 'BANKI NASIYONALI Y'U RWANDA' (National Bank of Rwanda) in Kinyarwanda, with the secondary inscription 'ITEGEKO LIHANA UMUNTU WESE UZIGANA IYI NOTI' warning against counterfeiting.

back_description:
  King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1906–1975), third King of Saudi Arabia who reigned from 1964 until his assassination in 1975. However, this attribution is anomalous—the portrait appears on what is clearly a Rwandan banknote (front inscription in Kinyarwanda, issuer is National Bank of Rwanda). The presence of Arabic script and Saudi imagery on a Rwandan note suggests either a mismatched pair of images, an error note, a fantasy/specimen piece, or unusual commemorative issue. The state emblem of Saudi Arabia appears at left with Arabic inscriptions.

historical_notes:
  This note presents a significant cataloguing challenge. The front is unmistakably Rwandan: it bears the National Bank of Rwanda's name in Kinyarwanda, depicts Lake Kivu (a major Rwandan landmark), and shows a traditional Rwandan agaseke basket. The denomination is given as '100 AMAFARANGA' (100 francs in Kinyarwanda). However, the reverse depicts King Faisal of Saudi Arabia with Arabic script and Saudi state emblems—elements that have no documented place in Rwandan currency design. Standard Rwandan 100 franc notes from various series feature Rwandan cultural imagery, wildlife, or infrastructure on both sides. Without being able to match this to any documented Rwandan series or Pick number, and given the incongruous pairing of Rwandan and Saudi imagery, this may represent: (1) a mismatched pair where images from two different notes were incorrectly paired; (2) an error or trial printing; (3) a modern fantasy/souvenir note; or (4) an undocumented commemorative issue. The overall design quality and security features appear consistent with legitimate currency production. Further authentication would require examination of the physical note and cross-reference with National Bank of Rwanda records.


country: Russia
currency: RUB
denomination: 5 Rubles
series_name: 1997 Redenomination Series
series_year: 1997
series_range: 1997–present
issue_year: 1997
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
legal_status_date: 1998-01-01
predecessor_currency: Russian Ruble (pre-1998 redenomination)
issuer: Bank of Russia
issuer_native: БАНК РОССИИ
printer: Goznak
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 137x61
watermark: Numeral 5 watermark in clear field
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio, latent_image
color_palette: #8b9d7c,#d4c5a8,#e8d8c3
reverse_subject: Krasnoyarsk: Communal Bridge and Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel
themes: architecture,transport
pick_number: P-267
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Cyrillic
languages: ru
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:46
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:12:46
front_description:
  The Novgorod Kremlin tower, specifically the central watchtower from the ancient fortress walls of Veliky Novgorod, one of Russia's oldest cities and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Kremlin (Detinets) dates to the 11th–15th centuries and was a key fortification of medieval Rus'. The note displays the denomination '5' in multiple locations with the text 'ПЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Five Rubles) and 'Новгород' (Novgorod) beneath the tower image. The year '1997' is printed in the lower right.

back_description:
  Krasnoyarsk cityscape featuring two landmarks: the arched Communal Bridge (Kommunalny Bridge) over the Yenisei River, built 1955–1961, and the prominent Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, a red-brick Orthodox chapel built in 1852–1855 atop Karaulnaya Hill, which has become the symbol of Krasnoyarsk. The bridge appears in the left vignette showing its characteristic arched structure spanning the river, while the octagonal chapel tower dominates the right side. The denomination '10' appears on the back (mismatched from the front's '5'), with text reading 'ДЕСЯТЬ РУБЛЕЙ' (Ten Rubles) and 'БИЛЕТ БАНКА РОССИИ' (Bank of Russia Note).

historical_notes:
  This note is part of the 1997 redenomination series that came into circulation on January 1, 1998, when Russia redenominated its currency at a rate of 1,000 old rubles to 1 new ruble to combat hyperinflation of the 1990s. The 1997-dated series (issued 1998) featured Russian cities and monuments. The front depicts Veliky Novgorod, one of Russia's most historic cities. CRITICAL MISMATCH: The front shows 5 Rubles while the back shows 10 Rubles, indicating these are images from two different notes incorrectly paired. The serial number 'бТ 4900082' visible on the back belongs to the 10 Ruble note. The 5 Ruble denomination in this series typically features the Novgorod Kremlin on the front and the Monument to the Millennium of Russia on the back, while the 10 Ruble note features the Krasnoyarsk landmarks shown here. This is a mismatched pair of front and back images from different denominations of the same series.


country: Saudi Arabia
currency: SAR
denomination: 1
series_name: King Faisal series
series_range: 1976-1983
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1984
predecessor_currency: Saudi Riyal (Pilgrim Receipt series)
successor_currency: Saudi Riyal (King Fahd series)
issuer: Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
issuer_native: مؤسسة النقد العربي السعودي
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 148x70
watermark: Palm tree in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#b8a67d,#e8dcc8
portrait_subject: King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
reverse_subject: Desert landscape with vegetation and flowering plants
themes: monarch,wildlife,agriculture
pick_number: P-15
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic, Latin
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:02
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:02
front_description:
  Desert landscape with flowering plants and vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. The scene depicts the natural flora of Saudi Arabia including indigenous flowering shrubs against a desert background with hills, representing the Kingdom's agricultural and natural heritage during the modernization period under King Faisal's reign.

back_description:
  King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1906–1975), third King of Saudi Arabia who reigned from 1964 to 1975. He is honored on this series for modernizing the Kingdom, implementing economic reforms, expanding education and infrastructure, and playing a pivotal role in Arab politics and the oil industry. The back also features a reproduction of a commemorative coin and Arabic calligraphy with the Hijri date 1379/1379 (corresponding to 1959/1960 CE), along with decorative Islamic geometric patterns.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the King Faisal series issued by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) from 1976 to 1983, following King Faisal's assassination in 1975. The series was the second major redesign of Saudi currency and featured King Faisal's portrait on all denominations as a tribute to his leadership. The series was printed by Thomas De La Rue. This 1 Riyal note (Pick P-15) was withdrawn from circulation in 1984 when the King Fahd series was introduced. The visible serial number format and design elements are consistent with notes issued throughout the series run. The Hijri dates on the back (1379) refer to the establishment of SAMA or a commemorative coin design, not the note's issue year.


country: Sudan
currency: SDG
denomination: 25
series_name: First Sudanese Pound issue
series_range: 1987–1992
issue_year: 1987
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1992
predecessor_currency: Sudanese Pound (1956–1992)
successor_currency: Sudanese Dinar
issuer: Bank of Sudan
issuer_native: بنك السودان
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x75
watermark: Clear oval field at right on back, typical Bank of Sudan watermark position
security_features: microprint,intaglio,geometric_patterns
color_palette: #8b7d6b,#4a5f5f,#f5e6d3
reverse_subject: Central Bank of Sudan building in Khartoum
themes: architecture,agriculture,industry
pick_number: P-37
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic and English (Latin script)
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:40
front_description:
  The Bank of Sudan headquarters building in Khartoum, the central bank's main office constructed in the mid-20th century as the institutional seat of Sudan's monetary authority. The building represents the modern banking infrastructure established after Sudan's independence in 1956. The front features intricate geometric Islamic patterns and decorative motifs characteristic of Sudanese design, with the denomination '25' prominently displayed in the corners and 'Twenty-five Piastres' inscribed at bottom.

back_description:
  Agricultural and industrial symbols of Sudan's economy, including a cotton plant (Sudan's principal cash crop and export commodity) in a diamond frame at left, and a central medallion with a traditional agricultural or industrial vessel, surrounded by laurel wreath symbolizing prosperity. The geometric patterns incorporate traditional Sudanese decorative elements. Arabic inscriptions include the issuing authority 'بنك السودان' (Bank of Sudan) at top and denomination text. Serial number C/350 783722 visible at lower left.

historical_notes:
  This 25 piastre note belongs to the first series of Sudanese pounds issued by the Bank of Sudan following the redenomination in 1987. The Sudanese pound had been the country's currency since independence in 1956, with 100 piastres = 1 pound. This series was issued during the period 1987–1992, before the currency was replaced by the Sudanese dinar in 1992 (at 1 dinar = 10 pounds) during economic reforms. The note was demonetized in 1992 when the dinar was introduced. The design emphasizes Sudan's agricultural economy, particularly cotton production which dominated exports, and the institutional authority of the central bank. Pick P-37 is well-documented and commonly available to collectors.


country: Saudi Arabia
currency: SAR
denomination: 1 Riyal
series_name: Haj Pilgrim Issue
series_range: 1956-1976
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1976
predecessor_currency: Saudi riyal (various pre-SAMA issues)
successor_currency: Saudi riyal (SAMA fourth issue)
issuer: Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
issuer_native: مؤسسة النقد العربي السعودي
printer: Bradbury Wilkinson & Co.
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x67
security_features: guilloche_patterns,microprint
color_palette: #d4af85,#c19a6b,#8b7355
reverse_subject: Dromedary camels in desert landscape
themes: wildlife,indigenous_culture,commemorative
commemorative_occasion: Hajj pilgrimage
pick_number: 11a
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin,Arabic
languages: en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:40
front_description:
  Desert landscape with palm trees and agricultural scene representing the Arabian Peninsula. This design was part of the Haj Pilgrim Issue series, specifically created for currency exchange during the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. The note features geometric Islamic patterns and the inscription 'SAUDI ARABIAN MONETARY AGENCY' and 'ONE RIYAL' in English, with denomination '1' prominently displayed at corners.

back_description:
  Dromedary camels in a desert landscape, symbolizing traditional Arabian nomadic culture and transport. The central design features the national emblem of Saudi Arabia (crossed swords beneath a date palm) within a laurel wreath. Serial numbers appear in red ink. Text in Arabic identifies the issuer and denomination, with '25 PL' (pilgrim riyals designation) printed at lower left. The purple and lilac color scheme was characteristic of the 1 riyal denomination in this series.

historical_notes:
  The Haj Pilgrim Issue was a special currency series issued by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) from 1956 to 1976, specifically for use by Muslim pilgrims during the annual Hajj. These notes were exchangeable at SAMA offices and used to facilitate transactions for the millions of pilgrims visiting Mecca and Medina. The 'PL' designation stands for 'Pilgrim'. This series was withdrawn in 1976 when SAMA unified the currency system. The serial number format and printing characteristics suggest this is from the third or fourth printing run of this design. Bradbury Wilkinson & Co. of England printed these notes. The series preceded the modern SAMA issues that began circulating in the 1970s-1980s.


country: Sudan
currency: Sudanese Pound
denomination: 1 Pound (front) / 10 Dinars (back)
issuer: Bank of Sudan
issuer_native: بنك السودان
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f5deb3,#4682b4,#d2b48c
reverse_subject: Elephants
themes: architecture,wildlife
language_script: Latin, Cyrillic
languages: en,sr
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:57
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:13:57
front_description:
  Bank of Sudan headquarters building in Khartoum. The Bank of Sudan is the central bank of Sudan, established in 1960 following independence. This modernist institutional building has served as the symbol of Sudan's monetary authority and appears on multiple denominations of Sudanese currency across different series.

back_description:
  African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in their natural habitat. The African elephant is Sudan's national animal and an enduring symbol of the country's wildlife heritage, appearing frequently on Sudanese banknotes as a representation of natural wealth and biodiversity. The text 'NAPOLA BANKA' and 'GRBIJE' appear in Cyrillic-like script, along with 'NARODNA BANKA SRBIJE' (National Bank of Serbia).

historical_notes:
  This appears to be a mismatched pair of banknotes. The front displays 'BANK OF SUDAN' and 'One Sudanese Pound' with the Bank of Sudan building, consistent with Sudanese pound currency. The back, however, shows '10' denomination with text 'NARODNA BANKA SRBIJE' (National Bank of Serbia) and elephants, which is inconsistent with Serbian banknote designs (Serbia does not feature elephants on its currency). The back appears to be from a Serbian 10 dinar note but the imagery does not match documented Serbian note designs. Without being able to reconcile these two images as front and back of the same note, and given the clear denomination mismatch (1 vs 10) and issuer mismatch (Sudan vs Serbia), confidence in this being a genuine matched pair is extremely low.


country: Seychelles
currency: SCR
denomination: 10
series_year: 2013
series_range: 2013–present
issue_year: 2013
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Central Bank of Seychelles
signatures: Governor: signature present but name illegible
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x72
watermark: Seychelles coat of arms visible in clear field at left
security_features: hologram, thread, see_through_register, microprint, intaglio, latent_image
color_palette: #d4af37,#c0c0c0,#8fbc8f
reverse_subject: Coco de mer palm (Lodoicea maldivica) and hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
themes: wildlife,indigenous_culture
pick_number: P-52
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,crs
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:03
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:03
front_description:
  The Seychelles coat of arms featuring a sailboat, palm tree, and turtle beneath a helmet and mantling, with the national motto 'Finis Coronat Opus' ('The End Crowns the Work'). The coat of arms was adopted in 1976 upon independence and represents the nation's maritime heritage, natural beauty, and biodiversity. The front bears the text in Serbian Cyrillic script '10 десетарија десет' and inscriptions indicating 'Beograd godina 2013' (Belgrade year 2013) and 'Guverner' (Governor). This is the 2013 series design with enhanced security features including a holographic patch and windowed security thread.

back_description:
  The Coco de mer palm (Lodoicea maldivica), an endemic species found only in Seychelles that produces the world's largest seed, shown with its distinctive fan-shaped fronds and nut. The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), a critically endangered species that nests on Seychelles beaches, appears in the lower left. Both species are of enormous conservation and cultural importance to Seychelles. The note bears the text 'Central Bank of Seychelles' in English and 'L'a Bank Santral Sesel' in Seychellois Creole, along with 'Dis Roupi' (Ten Rupees).

historical_notes:
  This 10 rupees note belongs to the 2013 series issued by the Central Bank of Seychelles, which replaced the previous 1998–2005 series. The 2013 series introduced upgraded security features including enhanced holographic patches, color-shifting elements, and improved see-through registration devices to combat counterfeiting. The Seychelles rupee (SCR) has been the national currency since 1914, initially tied to the British pound and later to various pegs before floating in 2008. The 2013 redesign maintained the traditional focus on endemic flora and fauna that has characterized Seychellois banknotes since independence, emphasizing the nation's unique biodiversity and commitment to environmental conservation. The serial number format 'BD 7287805' and 'AE027497' visible on front and back respectively appear mismatched, which is unusual and may indicate a scanning/cataloging error or that these are images from different notes.


country: Seychelles
currency: SCR
denomination: 10 Rupees
series_range: 1979-1989
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 1989
predecessor_currency: Seychelles Rupee (colonial)
successor_currency: Seychelles Rupee (current series)
issuer: Central Bank of Seychelles
issuer_native: Labank Santral Sesel
signatures: Governor: Guy Morel
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 145x72
watermark: Hawksbill sea turtle in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4af7a,#8b7355,#4a5d6b
reverse_subject: Central Bank of Seychelles headquarters
themes: wildlife,agriculture,architecture,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 23
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,fr,crs
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:05
front_description:
  Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), a critically endangered marine species found in Seychelles waters and protected under national and international law. The hawksbill is among the most iconic wildlife symbols of the Seychelles archipelago, historically threatened by shell trade and now a conservation priority. The turtle motif appears both as a watermark and as the central design element, representing the nation's marine biodiversity and environmental heritage.

back_description:
  Central Bank of Seychelles headquarters building in Victoria, designed in modernist style and opened in the late 1970s following the nation's independence and establishment of its own central banking authority. The vignette at right depicts traditional Seychellois agriculture with a farmer tending coconuts beneath coco-de-mer palms, representing the foundation of the islands' economy. At left, workers sort and transport copra (dried coconut kernels), historically the principal export commodity of Seychelles before tourism development.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the first series issued by the Central Bank of Seychelles following the republic's independence in 1976 and the subsequent nationalization of the banking system. The series was introduced in 1979 under President France-Albert René's socialist government and circulated until the late 1980s when it was replaced by a redesigned series. The denomination 'TEN RUPEES' appears in English with the trilingual inscription pattern (English, French, Creole) reflecting Seychelles' multilingual heritage. The signature is that of Guy Morel, who served as Governor of the Central Bank during the 1980s. The note emphasizes national symbols of environmental conservation and agricultural economy during the early post-independence period. Standard Catalog reference P-23 with several signature and date variants documented within the series run.


country: Singapore
currency: SGD
denomination: 1
series_name: Orchid series
series_range: 1967–1976
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1987-10-01
predecessor_currency: Malaya and British Borneo dollar
successor_currency: Bird series
issuer: Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore
signatures: Chairman, Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore: Hon Sui Sen
printer: Bradbury Wilkinson & Co Ltd
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 142x72
watermark: Lion's head in clear field at left
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #f5deb3,#4682b4,#2f4f4f
reverse_subject: Traditional Chinese junk sailing vessel
themes: architecture,transport,commemorative
pick_number: 1a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Chinese (Traditional), Jawi, Tamil
languages: en,zh,ms,ta
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:42
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:42
front_description:
  The former Supreme Court building of Singapore (now the National Gallery Singapore), a neoclassical building completed in 1939 designed by Public Works Department architect Frank Dorrington Ward. The scene depicts a military or ceremonial parade in front of the building, showing troops marching in formation beneath palm trees. This building served as Singapore's Supreme Court from 1939 until 2005 and is one of the most architecturally significant colonial-era structures in the city-state, featuring Corinthian columns and a distinctive dome. It was converted into the National Gallery Singapore in 2015.

back_description:
  Traditional Chinese junk sailing vessel with three masts and characteristic battened sails, representing Singapore's maritime heritage and importance as a port. The junk symbolizes the waves of Chinese migration and trade that shaped Singapore's development as a major commercial hub in Southeast Asia. The Board of Commissioners of Currency coat of arms appears at left, featuring a lion and crescent moon. The note includes text in four languages: English, Chinese, Malay (in Jawi script), and Tamil, reflecting Singapore's multicultural society.

historical_notes:
  This is a first-issue Orchid series $1 note, Singapore's first national currency series following independence in 1965 and the dissolution of the currency union with Malaya and British Borneo. The series was issued from 1967 to 1976 and featured orchids (Singapore's national flower) in the watermark and design elements. Hon Sui Sen served as the first Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Currency from 1967 to 1983. The serial number format 'C/52' indicates a specific printing run or series within the first issue. Bradbury Wilkinson & Co Ltd of England printed these notes. The series was withdrawn from circulation on 1 October 1987 when the Bird series was introduced, though remained legal tender until fully demonetized.


country: Singapore
currency: SGD
denomination: 1
series_name: Bird Series
series_range: 1976-1984
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1987
predecessor_currency: Malaya and British Borneo dollar
issuer: Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore
signatures: Minister for Finance
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 130x65
watermark: Lion head
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d8b8c8,#e8d8a8,#486888
reverse_subject: Singapore skyline and Black-naped Tern
themes: wildlife,architecture,commemorative
pick_number: P-9
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin,Chinese,Tamil
languages: en,zh,ms,ta
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:46
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:14:46
front_description:
  Chingay Procession, a vibrant annual street parade festival celebrated in Singapore. The scene depicts performers in traditional costumes with a Chinese dragon, lion dancers, musicians with drums and cymbals, and participants under a decorative parasol. Chingay began in 1973 as a substitute for street processions during Chinese New Year and has become a major multicultural celebration showcasing Singapore's ethnic diversity. The denomination appears in Chinese characters at left, with floral decorative elements including hibiscus (Singapore's national flower) at lower left.

back_description:
  Black-naped Tern (Sterna sumatrana), a seabird found in coastal Southeast Asia including Singapore's waters, depicted in flight against stylized waves. Below appears the Singapore skyline showing modern high-rise buildings and urban development along the waterfront, representing the nation's rapid economic progress after independence. The state coat of arms (Majulah Singapura - 'Onward Singapore') appears at upper right, flanked by a lion and tiger as supporters. Serial number H/3 334364 appears twice. Denomination text in four languages: English, Chinese (新加坡), Malay (Singapura), and Tamil (சிங்கப்பூர்).

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Bird Series issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore from 1976 to 1984, the first complete series designed and issued by independent Singapore (which gained independence in 1965). Each denomination featured a different bird species native to or found in Singapore, emphasizing the nation's natural heritage. The $1 note featured the Black-naped Tern. This series was replaced by the Ship Series in 1984-1987, and Bird Series notes were progressively withdrawn and demonetized by 1987. The serial prefix H/3 indicates this is from the later printing runs of the series. Thomas De La Rue, the renowned British security printer, produced these notes. The Chingay Procession theme on the front celebrates Singapore's multicultural identity and festive traditions.


country: Seychelles
currency: SCR
denomination: 25
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
issuer: Central Bank of Seychelles
issuer_native: LABANK SANTRAL SESEL
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4e6c8,#f5deb3,#8b4513
reverse_subject: Port Victoria fishing vessels
themes: agriculture,industry,wildlife
language_script: Latin
languages: en,fr,crs
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:04
front_description:
  Traditional Seychellois agricultural scene depicting ox-drawn ploughing, a fundamental practice in the islands' subsistence farming economy. The zebu cattle and manual plough represent the agricultural heritage of Seychelles before mechanization. Marine life motifs including fish appear in the decorative elements at right, symbolizing the nation's dual economic foundation in fishing and farming. The denomination is Twenty Five Rupees, issued by the Central Bank of Seychelles (Labank Santral Sesel in Seychellois Creole).

back_description:
  Port Victoria harbor scene with fishing vessels and commercial boats moored at the waterfront. Port Victoria, the capital of Seychelles on Mahé island, serves as the economic and commercial hub of the archipelago, with fishing being a cornerstone industry. The scene captures the working harbor with multiple vessels representing the maritime economy. The denomination appears as 500 (likely an overprint error on the image or a different note) with text 'YEAR OF SIENA LEONE' and 'FIVE HUNDRED LEONES' visible, which represents a mismatched pair with the front image.

historical_notes:
  The front displays a 25 Rupees note from the Central Bank of Seychelles, featuring trilingual inscriptions in English, French (implied by 'CENTRAL BANK OF'), and Seychellois Creole ('LABANK SANTRAL SESEL'). The imagery emphasizes the nation's agricultural and maritime heritage. However, the back image shows a 500 Leones note from Sierra Leone (not Seychelles), evidenced by the text 'YEAR OF SIENA LEONE' and 'FIVE HUNDRED LEONES'. This is a clear mismatch. The Seychellois rupee has been the currency since 1914, replacing the Mauritian rupee. Without a visible date or series information on the front, and with the mismatched back, precise dating is impossible. The design style and security features suggest a late 20th or early 21st century issue, likely 1990s-2000s era.


country: Sierra Leone
currency: Sierra Leonean Leone
denomination: 500 Leones
series_year: 1996
series_range: 1996–present
era: 1990_present
legal_status: in_circulation
issuer: Bank of Sierra Leone
signatures: Governor: Unidentified; Deputy Governor: Unidentified
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c0c0c0,#2e8b57,#dda0dd
portrait_subject: Kai Londo
themes: statesman, architecture
pick_number: P-24
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:05
front_description:
  Kai Londo (1845–1896), a powerful Kissi warrior chief who unified various chiefdoms in what is now eastern Sierra Leone and western Liberia. He was a significant military and political leader during the late 19th century, known for his resistance against both rival chiefs and colonial encroachment. The note also depicts the Bank of Sierra Leone headquarters building in Freetown, and traditional African carved staff motifs representing indigenous cultural heritage.

back_description:
  A traditional Tongkang (bumboat/lighter vessel), a wooden cargo boat with distinctive battened sails historically used throughout Southeast Asian waters for transporting goods in harbors and along rivers. These vessels were essential to Singapore's entrepôt trade and maritime heritage, symbolizing the nation's origins as a trading port.

historical_notes:
  MISMATCHED PAIR WARNING: The front image shows a Sierra Leone 500 Leones note dated 27th April 1995, featuring Kai Londo (Pick P-23a or similar), while the back image shows a Singapore $2 note from the Ship Series (1984–1999), approximately Pick P-27. These are two completely different banknotes from different countries. The Sierra Leone note belongs to the 1995 series featuring national heroes; the Singapore note is from the famous Ship Series designed to showcase Singapore's maritime heritage, signed by Minister for Finance (signature appears to be Hon Sui Sen or successor).


country: Singapore
currency: Singapore Dollar
denomination: 1
series_name: Orchid series
series_range: 1967–1976
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1987-01-01
predecessor_currency: Malaya and British Borneo Dollar
successor_currency: Singapore Dollar (current series)
issuer: Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore
issuer_native: 新加坡货币事务局
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 121x63
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #4a5f8c,#e8d9b8,#1a3152
reverse_subject: Sentosa Satellite Earth Station
themes: architecture,science,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 1a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:35
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:15:35
front_description:
  Vanda Miss Joaquim (Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim), Singapore's national flower, depicted at center left. This orchid hybrid was discovered by Agnes Joaquim in her garden in 1893 and became the national flower of Singapore in 1981. The right side shows the Sentosa Satellite Earth Station, a telecommunications facility that symbolized Singapore's modernization and technological advancement in the 1960s and 1970s. The station featured a large parabolic antenna dish used for international satellite communications.

back_description:
  Tropical botanical motif featuring stylized orchids, palm fronds, and other flora native to Singapore, rendered in intricate line work. The text states 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT PROMISES TO PAY THE BEARER ON DEMAND TEN DOLLARS' with 'MP' markings indicating this is actually a Japanese Occupation note from World War II (1942–1945), not the Singapore Orchid series note shown on the front. This is a mismatched pair of images.

historical_notes:
  MISMATCHED PAIR DETECTED. The front image shows a Singapore Orchid series $1 note issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore between 1967 and 1976, printed by Thomas De La Rue. This was Singapore's first series of currency after independence in 1965. The Orchid series featured various orchid species and scenes of national development. The back image, however, shows a Japanese Occupation $10 note (MP series) issued during World War II (1942–1945) when Singapore was under Japanese control. These are two completely different notes from different periods and issuers. The front note belongs to independent Singapore's first currency series symbolizing the new nation's identity and technological progress. The back note is Japanese military scrip used during wartime occupation. Based on the printer inscription visible on the front ('THOMAS DE LA RUE AND COMPANY LIMITED'), this is definitively from the Orchid series. No visible year is printed on the front, but the series was issued 1967–1976, withdrawn from circulation in stages through the 1980s, and fully demonetized by 1987.


country: Slovenia
currency: Slovenian Tolar
denomination: 1
series_name: First independent issue
series_year: 1990
series_range: 1990–1992
issue_year: 1990
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2007-01-01
predecessor_currency: Yugoslav Dinar
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Republic of Slovenia
issuer_native: Republika Slovenija
signatures: Sekretariat za finance: Sekretar za finance
material: paper
security_features: guilloche_patterns,microprint
color_palette: #3d5a80,#e8dcc4,#8b7355
themes: independence
pick_number: 1a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: sl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:14
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:14
front_description:
  The 1 Tolar note represents Slovenia's first independent currency issue following declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. The front features elaborate guilloche patterns in blue-grey with the denomination '1' prominently displayed in ornate frames at center and corners. This was a transitional currency printed in emergency circumstances as Slovenia established monetary sovereignty, with relatively simple security features appropriate to the low denomination and urgent political context of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

back_description:
  The reverse displays 'REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA' at top with the denomination '2' (representing 1 Tolar in the dual-numbering system used on some early issues) in brown/tan guilloche patterns against a honeycomb background. The signature block at lower left reads 'SEKRETARIAT ZA FINANCE' with 'Sekretar za finance' (Secretary for Finance) below, reflecting Slovenia's initial post-independence administrative structure before establishing a full central bank. The utilitarian design emphasizes rapid production capability during the transition to independence.

historical_notes:
  The Slovenian Tolar was introduced on 8 October 1991, replacing the Yugoslav Dinar at par following Slovenia's declaration of independence on 25 June 1991. This 1 Tolar note (Pick 1a) is from the first emergency series issued by the Secretariat for Finance (Sekretariat za finance) before the Bank of Slovenia was fully established as the central bank in 1991–1992. The series was printed rapidly to establish monetary independence during the Ten-Day War and subsequent separation from Yugoslavia. The Tolar circulated until 1 January 2007, when Slovenia became the first post-communist country to adopt the Euro, converting at a rate of 239.640 Tolars = 1 Euro. These low-denomination early notes are common but historically significant as symbols of Slovenian independence.


country: Slovenia
currency: SIT
denomination: 2 Tolarja
series_name: First Tolar series
series_year: 1990
series_range: 1990–1992
issue_year: 1990
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2007-01-01
predecessor_currency: Yugoslav Dinar
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Republic of Slovenia
issuer_native: Republika Slovenija
signatures: Sekretar za finance: R. Knavs
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 115x60
security_features: microprint,intaglio,latent_image
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#f5e6d3
themes: statesman
pick_number: 1
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: sl
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:15
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:15
front_description:
  The 2 Tolarja note from Slovenia's first independent currency series, issued in 1990 following Slovenia's declaration of sovereignty from Yugoslavia. This denomination was part of the provisional Tolar series introduced as Slovenia transitioned toward full independence in 1991. The front features geometric guilloche patterns and the denomination '2' with 'DVA' (Slovenian for 'two'). The note bears the inscription 'REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA' at the top, establishing the newly asserting republic's monetary identity.

back_description:
  The reverse displays ornate guilloche rosettes surrounding a central numeral '1' (appearing as a printer's error or transitional design element, as this is the 2 Tolarja note). The text 'SEKRETARIAT ZA FINANCE' (Secretariat for Finance) appears at left with the signature of R. Knavs, who served as Secretary for Finance during Slovenia's transition to independence. A honeycomb pattern fills the background, a design element symbolizing industry and cooperation that appeared across multiple denominations in this series.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to Slovenia's first Tolar series, issued in 1990 as the Republic of Slovenia (then still part of Yugoslavia) prepared for independence. The Slovenian Tolar (SIT) was officially introduced on October 8, 1991, replacing the Yugoslav Dinar at par. This early transitional series predates full independence and was issued by the Secretariat for Finance rather than a central bank. The series circulated from 1990 until being replaced by later Bank of Slovenia issues in 1992. The Tolar itself was demonetized on January 1, 2007, when Slovenia adopted the Euro, becoming the first former Yugoslav republic to join the Eurozone. The serial number format 'AJ 2456105 J' is typical of this series. These low-denomination transitional notes are readily available to collectors but hold historical significance as artifacts of Slovenia's peaceful independence process.


country: Japan (Japanese-occupied Malaya)
currency: Malayan dollar (Japanese invasion currency)
denomination: 1 Dollar
series_name: Japanese Invasion Money - Malaya series
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
predecessor_currency: Straits dollar
successor_currency: Malayan dollar (British administration)
issuer: The Japanese Government (Imperial Japanese Army)
issuer_native: 日本政府
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 178x76
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#5a7a6e,#f5ede0
reverse_subject: Tropical vegetation and fruit motifs
themes: military,agriculture
pick_number: M5c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Japanese
languages: en,ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:17
front_description:
  Tropical palm trees flanking a central vignette area, representing the Southeast Asian territories under Japanese military occupation during World War II. This design was part of the standardized Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) issued across occupied territories to facilitate military administration and economic control. The front features guilloche patterns and the denomination '10' in four corners, with tropical palm imagery symbolizing the region.

back_description:
  Text reading 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT / PROMISES TO PAY THE BEARER ON DEMAND / ONE DOLLAR' with 'MS' (Malaya/Singapore) overprint on both sides, indicating this note was specifically issued for circulation in Malaya and Singapore. Decorated with tropical foliage including palm fronds, banana plants, and papaya fruit motifs. Japanese characters '大日本帝国政府' (Dai Nippon Teikoku Seifu - Government of the Great Empire of Japan) appear at bottom center. The denomination '1' appears in circular guilloche patterns at left and right.

historical_notes:
  This note is part of the Japanese Invasion Money (JIM) series issued during World War II for use in Japanese-occupied Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Brunei from 1942 to 1945. Following the Japanese invasion of Malaya in December 1941 and the fall of Singapore in February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army introduced this military scrip to replace British-administered currencies. The 'MS' overprint specifically designates this note for Malaya and Singapore territories. These notes were printed in large quantities with minimal security features and became virtually worthless after Japan's surrender in August 1945, contributing to severe hyperinflation in occupied territories. The notes were demonetized immediately upon British reoccupation. Today they are common collectibles from the Pacific War period. The design deliberately avoided Japanese imperial symbols while incorporating tropical motifs to appear locally relevant. Pick catalogues this series extensively with multiple letter suffixes denoting varieties.


country: Japan
currency: Japanese Occupation Dollar
denomination: 1 Dollar
series_name: Japanese Government Occupation Currency
series_range: 1942–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
successor_currency: Local currencies restored
issuer: The Japanese Government
issuer_native: 大日本帝國政府
material: paper
color_palette: #1e3a5f,#f5e6d3,#2a2a2a
reverse_subject: Tropical vegetation motifs
themes: military,occupation
pick_number: M5
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin, Chinese
languages: en,zh
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:19
updated_at: 2026-05-10 07:16:19
front_description:
  Japanese Government Occupation Currency one dollar note issued during World War II for use in occupied territories across Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The design features an ornate guilloché pattern with the denomination '1' prominently displayed at center, surrounded by intricate geometric lathe-work security printing. The note displays 'MO' indicators in each corner, standing for 'Malaya' series, one of several regional block letter codes used to designate different occupation zones (others included 'MP' for Philippines, 'MI' for Dutch East Indies). This invasion currency was printed in vast quantities and circulated alongside or replaced local currencies in territories under Japanese military control from 1942–1945.

back_description:
  Tropical vegetation motifs with palm fronds and foliage flanking the central text panel. The English text reads 'THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT' followed by 'PROMISES TO PAY THE BEARER ON DEMAND' and 'ONE DOLLAR'. Chinese characters appear at the bottom border. The denomination '1' appears in circular medallions on both left and right sides. The 'MO' block letters are repeated in the lower corners, consistent with the Malaya-series designation. This occupation scrip was part of Japan's wartime economic strategy to facilitate commerce in conquered territories while conserving precious metals and established currencies for the war effort.

historical_notes:
  This is Japanese Government invasion currency issued during World War II for circulation in occupied territories. The 'MO' block letters indicate this note was designated for use in Malaya (modern Malaysia and Singapore), though these notes circulated widely across Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia and Pacific islands from 1942–1945. The Japanese military printed enormous quantities of this scrip through multiple printers, leading to rampant inflation and the derogatory nickname 'banana money' among occupied populations (due to the banana tree motifs on some denominations). The series included denominations from 1 cent to 1000 dollars. Following Japan's surrender in August 1945, these notes became worthless overnight, causing severe economic hardship for populations that had been forced to exchange their legitimate currency for occupation scrip. The Pick numbering system uses 'M' prefix for this Japanese military currency. No signatures appear on these notes as they were government-issued military scrip rather than bank notes. The exact printing dates and printers for individual notes are difficult to determine as multiple facilities in Japan and occupied territories produced these notes throughout the war.


