# banknote_types

country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 25
series_name: Saddam Hussein series
series_range: 1986–1991
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2003
successor_currency: New Iraqi Dinar
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x80
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #a8c9a0,#8b7355,#e8dcc8
portrait_subject: Saddam Hussein
reverse_subject: Martyrs Monument
themes: statesman,military,commemorative,architecture
pick_number: 73
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic,Latin
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:30:42
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:30:42
front_description:
  Martyrs Monument in Baghdad at center, designed by Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and sculptor Ismail Fatah Al Turk, unveiled in 1983 to commemorate Iraqi soldiers killed in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). The monument consists of a split turquoise dome symbolizing a traditional shield split by a falling warrior's sword, positioned on an artificial lake. The architectural complex includes an underground museum and hall of martyrs. On the left is a minaret tower and decorative Islamic geometric patterns. Date palms frame the composition, a traditional Iraqi symbol.

back_description:
  Saddam Hussein (1937–2006), President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, depicted in military uniform with a mustache. Behind him is a scene of horses and riders in battle, likely referencing historical Arab military conquests or the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (636 CE), which Saddam invoked as propaganda during the Iran-Iraq War, calling it 'Qadisiyyat Saddam.' The horses and warriors symbolize martial prowess and Arab-Islamic military heritage. This design was part of the personality-cult imagery that dominated Iraqi currency during Hussein's rule.

historical_notes:
  This 25 dinar note belongs to the series issued by the Central Bank of Iraq during Saddam Hussein's presidency, specifically the late 1980s to early 1990s series that prominently featured his portrait. The note was issued during or shortly after the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), a conflict that devastated both nations and which the Martyrs Monument commemorates. The Martyrs Monument on the front became one of Baghdad's most recognizable landmarks. Following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion and the fall of Saddam's regime, these notes were demonetized and replaced with new designs that removed Saddam's image. The series is catalogued as Pick 73 in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. No visible serial number is present in the images provided. The denomination 'Twenty Five Dinars' appears in English on the front, with Arabic text on the back. The note represents a significant period in Iraqi monetary and political history, when currency served as a vehicle for state propaganda and personality cult.


country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 5
series_name: Fourth issue
series_year: 1992
series_range: 1991–2003
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2003
successor_currency: New Iraqi Dinar
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
watermark: Portrait of Saddam Hussein
security_features: microprint,thread,intaglio
color_palette: #8b4545,#d4c5a9,#5a3a3a
portrait_subject: Saddam Hussein
reverse_subject: Al-Shaheed Monument
themes: statesman,military,commemorative,architecture
pick_number: 80
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic and English
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:17
front_description:
  Al-Shaheed Monument (Martyrs' Monument) in Baghdad, designed by Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and Italian artist Isamu Noguchi, inaugurated in 1983 to commemorate Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). The monument consists of a split turquoise dome 40 meters high, symbolizing a traditional shield dropping from the hands of a dying warrior. It is one of the most recognizable modern landmarks of Baghdad and was prominently featured on Iraqi currency during the Ba'athist era.

back_description:
  Saddam Hussein (1937–2006), President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. He led Iraq through the Iran-Iraq War, the invasion of Kuwait, and the Gulf War. His portrait appeared on all Iraqi banknotes during his rule. The Arabic inscription reads 'Central Bank of Iraq' and the date AH 1412 (1991–1992 CE). The serial number and control numbering are visible at left.

historical_notes:
  This 5 dinars note belongs to the fourth issue series of the Central Bank of Iraq, introduced in 1991–1992 during Saddam Hussein's presidency. The series was printed with the Hijri year 1412 (1991–1992 CE) and continued in circulation throughout the 1990s under international sanctions following the Gulf War. Notes from this era are characterized by featuring Saddam Hussein's portrait on the reverse and Iraqi monuments or historical scenes on the obverse. This series was demonetized following the 2003 invasion of Iraq and replaced by the New Iraqi Dinar series issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority and subsequent Iraqi governments. The Al-Shaheed Monument depicted on the front remains a landmark in Baghdad, though its political associations have been recontextualised post-2003.


country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 25
series_name: Fourth issue
series_year: 2001
series_range: 2001-2003
issue_year: 2001
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2003
predecessor_currency: Iraqi Dinar (pre-1991 series)
successor_currency: New Iraqi Dinar
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
signatures: Governor: signature present (illegible in image)
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
watermark: Portrait of Saddam Hussein
security_features: watermark,security_thread,microprint,geometric_patterns
color_palette: #a8b89f,#d4c5a3,#5a7a6e
portrait_subject: Saddam Hussein
reverse_subject: Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa
themes: statesman,architecture,military
pick_number: 85
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic, Latin
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:17
front_description:
  Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa (Al-Mustansiriya University), Baghdad. Founded in 1227 CE by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir, it is one of the oldest Islamic universities in the world and a significant example of medieval Islamic architecture. The building features the distinctive domed structure and fortress-like walls characteristic of Abbasid educational institutions. A date palm frond appears at upper right, symbolizing Iraq's agricultural heritage.

back_description:
  Saddam Hussein (1937–2006), President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Portrait shows him in civilian attire with suit and tie. The Arabic inscription at top reads 'Central Bank of Iraq'. The date shown is 1422 AH (2001 CE). Hussein appeared on Iraqi currency throughout his rule, with his portrait dominating banknote designs from the 1980s through 2003.

historical_notes:
  This 25 Dinars note belongs to the fourth issue of Iraqi currency under Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime, printed during the period 2001–2003. The note shows the Hijri date 1422 (corresponding to 2001 CE). This series was issued during the final years of Hussein's rule, under international sanctions following the 1991 Gulf War. The currency suffered severe inflation during this period. Following the 2003 invasion and fall of the Ba'athist government, these notes were demonetized and replaced by a new Iraqi Dinar series issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority and subsequent Iraqi government. Notes from this series remain common as they were printed in large quantities but are no longer legal tender.


country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 25
series_name: Fourth Issue
series_year: 1992
series_range: 1992-2003
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2003
successor_currency: New Iraqi Dinar
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
watermark: Lion of Babylon in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c8d4b8,#8b7355,#d4a5a5
portrait_subject: Saddam Hussein
reverse_subject: Ishtar Gate
themes: statesman,architecture,ancient_civilization
pick_number: P-72
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic,Latin
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:18
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:18
front_description:
  Ishtar Gate of ancient Babylon, the monumental glazed-brick entrance built circa 575 BCE during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. The gate was decorated with alternating rows of bas-relief lions, dragons, and bulls in vibrant blue-glazed brick, and served as the ceremonial processional entrance to the inner city. The Lion of Babylon, a basalt sculpture from ancient Babylon dating to approximately 600 BCE, appears at center right. Text 'ISHTAR GATE' appears in English and Arabic.

back_description:
  Saddam Hussein (1937-2006), President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. His portrait appears prominently at right in formal attire. Hussein's regime issued numerous banknote series bearing his portrait during the 1990s and early 2000s, particularly during the period of international sanctions following the Gulf War. The Arabic inscription reads 'Central Bank of Iraq' with the Hijri and Gregorian dates 1412-1992.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Fourth Issue of Iraqi dinars issued by the Central Bank of Iraq during Saddam Hussein's presidency. The series was introduced in 1992 (AH 1412) during a period of severe economic sanctions following the 1990-1991 Gulf War. These sanctions and the resulting economic crisis led to hyperinflation and currency devaluation throughout the 1990s. The Ishtar Gate motif connects modern Iraq to its ancient Mesopotamian heritage as the site of Babylon. Following the 2003 invasion and fall of Hussein's government, these notes were demonetized and replaced by a new dinar series issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority and the reconstituted Central Bank of Iraq. The serial number visible is '484846' with prefix 'أح/192' (transliterated 'ah/192'). No known public serial-year encoding for this issuer beyond the series date printed on the note.


country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 5
series_name: Central Bank of Iraq series
series_range: 1973–1991
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1991
predecessor_currency: Iraqi Dinar (Kingdom era)
successor_currency: Iraqi Dinar (post-Gulf War series)
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 154x67
watermark: Horse head in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b4f47,#d4a574,#6b8e5f
portrait_subject: Hammurabi
reverse_subject: Arabian horses
themes: statesman,agriculture,wildlife
pick_number: 70
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic, Latin
languages: ar,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:20
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:31:20
front_description:
  Hammurabi (c. 1810–1750 BCE), sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, depicted at left with his famous law code stele. Hammurabi is renowned for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world, establishing one of the earliest known systems of justice. Center shows an agricultural scene with a grain silo and wheat fields, representing Iraq's agricultural heritage in the Mesopotamian heartland. Text 'FIVE DINARS' at lower center; 'CENTRAL BANK OF IRAQ' at top in English.

back_description:
  Two Arabian horses (mare and foal) at center, representing Iraq's celebrated tradition of Arabian horse breeding. The Arabian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds, with origins tracing to the Arabian Peninsula, and Iraq historically was a major center for breeding these prized animals. Arabic inscriptions include 'البنك المركزي العراقي' (Central Bank of Iraq) at top and legal tender text. Serial number visible at left in Arabic-Indic numerals.

historical_notes:
  This 5 Dinar note is from the Central Bank of Iraq series issued between 1973 and 1991, during the Ba'athist era under Saddam Hussein. The design emphasizes Iraq's ancient Mesopotamian heritage through Hammurabi, who ruled Babylon and created one of history's first comprehensive legal codes. The inclusion of Arabian horses reflects Iraq's role in breeding and preserving this ancient breed. These notes were withdrawn and demonetized following the 1991 Gulf War, when new series were introduced. The Pick reference P-70 applies to this design type with the Hammurabi portrait and horse reverse. No printed issue year appears on the note itself, and the Central Bank of Iraq did not employ a documented serial-number-year encoding system during this period. Dating must rely on the known circulation period of this design series (1973–1991). The watermark shows a horse head, reinforcing the equestrian theme.


country: Iraq
currency: IQD
denomination: 25
series_range: 1990–2003
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2003
successor_currency: New Iraqi Dinar
issuer: Central Bank of Iraq
issuer_native: البنك المركزي العراقي
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x65
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #a8c9a4,#8b7355,#d4c5a0
themes: architecture
pick_number: 73
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Arabic (front), Hebrew (back)
languages: ar,he
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:06
front_description:
  The Abbasid Palace (Al-Qasr al-Abbasi) in Baghdad, a restored medieval palace dating from the late 12th or early 13th century during the Abbasid Caliphate. The palace features characteristic Islamic architectural elements including pointed arches, iwans (vaulted halls), and ornate brickwork. It served as one of the few surviving examples of Abbasid secular architecture in Baghdad and was used as a museum. The Arabic inscription identifies the issuing authority as the Central Bank of Iraq.

back_description:
  This appears to show a mismatched back — the reverse depicts David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), the primary founder and first Prime Minister of Israel, shown in profile with the Negev desert landscape and what appears to be Sde Boker (his kibbutz retirement home) in the background. The Hebrew text reads 'Bank of Israel' (בנק ישראל) and 'Fifty Sheqalim' (חמישים שקל). The date shown is 1978 (התשל״ח). This is an Israeli 50 Sheqalim note, NOT the reverse of the Iraqi 25 Dinars note shown on the front.

historical_notes:
  The front shows an Iraqi 25 Dinars note from the Saddam Hussein era, likely issued in the 1990s based on the design style and the Central Bank of Iraq designation. This series continued until 2003 when it was demonetized following the fall of the Ba'athist regime and replaced by new currency issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority. The Abbasid Palace motif was commonly used on Iraqi currency to emphasize the country's historical role as the center of the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate. The back image is clearly from a different banknote entirely — an Israeli 50 Sheqalim note from 1978 featuring David Ben-Gurion. This represents a mismatched pair of images from two completely different countries and currency systems.


country: Israel
currency: ILS
denomination: 50
series_name: 1978 Issue
series_year: 1978
series_range: 1978–1980
issue_year: 1978
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1985
predecessor_currency: Israeli Lira (ILP)
successor_currency: New Israeli Shekel (ILS)
issuer: Bank of Israel
issuer_native: בנק ישראל
signatures: Governor: Arnon Gafny; Chief Cashier: David Hacohen
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c8a0,#8b7355,#f5e6d3
portrait_subject: David Ben-Gurion
reverse_subject: Golden Gate (Sha'ar HaRachamim), Jerusalem Old City Walls
themes: statesman,architecture,religion
pick_number: P-46
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Hebrew, Latin
languages: he,en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:42
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:42
front_description:
  The Golden Gate (Sha'ar HaRachamim) in the eastern wall of Jerusalem's Old City. Also known as the Gate of Mercy, this ancient sealed gate dates to the Byzantine period (possibly 6th–7th century CE) and faces the Mount of Olives. It has been sealed since the 16th century and holds religious significance in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions. The detailed engraving shows the distinctive double-arched Romanesque façade with its decorated stonework.

back_description:
  David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), primary founder and first Prime Minister of Israel, serving 1948–1954 and 1955–1963. Born David Grün in Płońsk, Poland, he immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1906, became a leading Zionist labour movement figure, proclaimed Israeli independence in 1948, and led the new state through its formative years. Behind his portrait is a view of his desert home at Sde Boker in the Negev, where he retired to promote desert development and died.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1978 Issue series of the Israeli Shekel (Old Shekel), printed between 1978–1980 and circulated until the currency reform of 1985. The Old Shekel replaced the Israeli Lira (Pound) at a rate of 10 Lirot = 1 Shekel in February 1980, but this note was printed in 1978 in preparation for the changeover. Hyperinflation in the early 1980s rendered the Old Shekel worthless, and it was replaced by the New Israeli Shekel in September 1985 at a rate of 1,000:1. The note features signatures of Bank of Israel Governor Arnon Gafny (served 1976–1981) and Chief Cashier David Hacohen. Ben-Gurion appears on multiple denominations in this series, reflecting his status as the founding father of modern Israel. The architectural motifs emphasize Jerusalem's centrality to Israeli national identity.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_name: Maria Montessori series
series_year: 1982
series_range: 1990–1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Antonio Fazio; Il Cassiere: [signature present but name illegible]
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x70
watermark: Portrait of Maria Montessori
security_features: microprint,intaglio,thread
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b4513,#f0e68c
portrait_subject: Maria Montessori
reverse_subject: Montessori teaching scene with children
themes: scientist,writer,education,indigenous_culture
pick_number: 114
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:43
front_description:
  The Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale) in Venice, the Gothic palace that served as the residence of the Doge of Venice and seat of Venetian government from the 9th century until the fall of the Republic in 1797. The architectural rendering shows the characteristic arcade and loggia of this iconic Venetian landmark, which is one of the most recognizable symbols of Venice's political and cultural history. The decree warning counterfeiters is printed at top: 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes the manufacturers and distributors of counterfeit notes).

back_description:
  Maria Montessori (1870–1952), Italian physician and educator who developed the Montessori method of education, a child-centered educational approach based on scientific observations of children. She was Italy's first female physician and became internationally renowned for her revolutionary educational philosophy. The note depicts her portrait alongside decorative geometric patterns and educational motifs, including a small medallion showing a lion (symbol of Venice) above the Italian coat of arms with the cross of Savoy.

historical_notes:
  This 1000 lire note belongs to the Maria Montessori series issued by the Banca d'Italia, which was decreed on 6 January 1982 (DECRETO MINISTERIALE 6 GENNAIO 1982, visible on front) and circulated from 1990 until Italy's adoption of the euro in 2002. The series honored Maria Montessori, celebrating her contributions to education and her status as a pioneering Italian woman in medicine and pedagogy. This denomination was one of the most common Italian notes in circulation during the 1990s. The front features the Doge's Palace, connecting Venetian heritage with the note's theme of Italian cultural achievement. The signatures are those of Antonio Fazio (Governor of Banca d'Italia 1993–2005) and the cashier. The note was withdrawn from circulation on 28 February 2002 when the Italian lira was replaced by the euro, though exchange at the Banca d'Italia remained possible until 2012. Serial number format with prefix BE and suffix Q is consistent with standard Banca d'Italia practice of the period.


country: Israel
currency: ILS
denomination: 50
series_name: Sheqel Series
series_year: 1978
series_range: 1978-1980
issue_year: 1978
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1985
predecessor_currency: Israeli Pound (Lira)
successor_currency: New Sheqel
issuer: Bank of Israel
issuer_native: בנק ישראל
signatures: Governor: Yosef Barkats; Manager: A. Shoval
printer: Government Printer, Israel
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 142x71
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b4513,#2f1e14
portrait_subject: Shmuel Yosef Agnon
reverse_subject: Golden Gate (Sha'ar HaRachamim), Jerusalem
themes: writer,architecture,religion
pick_number: P-46
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Hebrew and English (Latin)
languages: he,en,ar
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:43
front_description:
  The Golden Gate (Sha'ar HaRachamim) on Jerusalem's Old City eastern wall, adjacent to the Temple Mount. This double-arched gate, sealed since medieval times, is one of Jerusalem's eight gates and holds religious significance in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions. The gate dates to the Byzantine period, though tradition associates it with the earlier Second Temple period.

back_description:
  Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970), Israeli Nobel Prize-winning writer and one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. Born in Galicia (then Austria-Hungary), he immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1908, lived in Germany 1913–1924, then settled permanently in Jerusalem. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1966, the first Hebrew writer to be so honored. Behind him is a building from the German Colony in Jerusalem, with date palms representing the landscape of the Land of Israel.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the first series of the Israeli Sheqel (also spelled Shekel), introduced on February 24, 1980, replacing the Israeli Pound (Lira) at a rate of 1 Sheqel = 10 Lirot. The series was issued from 1978–1980 during a period of severe hyperinflation in Israel. The currency was denominated in Sheqalim (plural), with denominations from 1 to 10,000 Sheqalim issued by 1984. Due to continued inflation reaching over 400% annually, the Sheqel was itself replaced by the New Sheqel (NIS) in 1985 at a rate of 1 New Sheqel = 1,000 old Sheqalim, making this note worth 0.05 NIS. The series featured Israeli cultural figures and historic Jerusalem sites. This 50 Sheqel note, dated 'Tishrei 5739' (1978 in the Hebrew calendar), was printed by the Government Printer of Israel and bears signatures of Governor Yosef Barkats and Manager A. Shoval.


country: Israel
currency: ILP
denomination: 100
series_name: Lira series
series_range: 1968-1975
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1980
predecessor_currency: Palestine Pound
successor_currency: Israeli Shekel
issuer: Bank of Israel
issuer_native: בנק ישראל
material: paper
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b4513,#6b8e23
reverse_subject: Giuseppe Garibaldi
themes: architecture,statesman,military
language_script: Hebrew and Arabic on Israeli note; Italian on the mismatched reverse
languages: he,ar,it
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:59
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:32:59
front_description:
  Zion Gate (Sha'ar Tzion) in the Old City of Jerusalem, one of the eight gates in the walls of the Old City. Built in 1540 by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, this gate on the southern wall provides access to the Jewish and Armenian Quarters and faces Mount Zion. The gate shows distinctive Ottoman architecture with its stone masonry and arched entrance, and an olive tree is depicted alongside. The Hebrew inscription 'בנק ישראל' (Bank of Israel) appears at top.

back_description:
  Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), Italian general, patriot and key figure in the Italian Risorgimento who contributed to Italian unification. His inclusion on this Israeli banknote reflects the historical connection between Italy and the early State of Israel, as well as Garibaldi's reputation as a freedom fighter. The Italian text 'LIRE MILLE' and 'BANCA D'ITALIA' with 'PAGABILI A VISTA AL PORTATORE' appears with Italian state emblems, indicating this is actually the reverse of an Italian 1000 Lire note, suggesting a mismatched pair of images.

historical_notes:
  The front shows an Israeli 100 Lirot (Lira) note from the series issued 1968–1975 by the Bank of Israel. The Israeli Lira (plural: Lirot) replaced the Palestine Pound in 1952 at par and circulated until 1980 when it was replaced by the Shekel during a period of high inflation. The reverse image depicts Giuseppe Garibaldi from an Italian 1000 Lire note issued by Banca d'Italia, not the reverse of the Israeli note. These are two different banknotes from different countries and eras. The Israeli Lira featured various historical and cultural subjects; the 100 Lirot denomination commonly depicted Zion Gate. No serial-year encoding is documented for Bank of Israel Lira series notes.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 2000
series_name: Banca d'Italia 1990 series
series_year: 1990
series_range: 1990–1992
issue_year: 1990
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro (EUR)
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Governatore: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi; Il Cassiere: (signature visible but illegible)
printer: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato (assumed)
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x80
watermark: Portrait of Guglielmo Marconi
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio, watermark
color_palette: #8b7355,#f5e6d3,#a0522d
portrait_subject: Guglielmo Marconi
reverse_subject: Two students reading (symbolic representation of education and learning)
themes: scientist, education
pick_number: 115
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:06
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:06
front_description:
  Two young students reading together, symbolic of education and learning; engraved by A. De Angelis Inc. The front features text 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 3 OTTOBRE 1990' (Ministerial Decree 3 October 1990) and the anti-counterfeiting warning 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes manufacturers and distributors of false banknotes).

back_description:
  Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), Italian inventor and electrical engineer who pioneered work on long-distance radio transmission and is credited with developing the first practical radio telegraphy system. Winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics, Marconi's innovations revolutionized wireless communication and earned him a place among Italy's most celebrated scientific figures. The back displays the Banca d'Italia coat of arms with the text 'PAGABILE A VISTA AL PORTATORE' (Payable on sight to the bearer), along with signatures of the Governor and Cashier, and the printer attribution 'G. MARCONI' identifying the portrait subject.

historical_notes:
  The 2000 lire note was part of the final series issued by Banca d'Italia before the introduction of the Euro in 2002. This 1990 series, authorized by Ministerial Decree of 3 October 1990, featured Guglielmo Marconi, honoring Italy's scientific heritage. The note remained in circulation until 28 February 2002, when it was replaced by the Euro during the currency transition. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, whose signature appears as Governor, served from 1979 to 1993 and later became Prime Minister (1993–1994) and President of Italy (1999–2006). This series is common and widely available to collectors as it circulated extensively in the final decade of the Italian lira.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 5000
series_name: Vincenzo Bellini series
series_year: 1990
series_range: 1985–1992
issue_year: 1990
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi; Il Cassiere: F. Masera
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x80
watermark: Portrait of Vincenzo Bellini
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#6b8e6d
portrait_subject: Vincenzo Bellini
reverse_subject: Teatro Massimo Bellini, Catania
themes: artist,architecture,music
pick_number: 113c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:38
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:38
front_description:
  Industrial motifs representing Italian economic development and technological progress in the late 19th/early 20th century. The front features telegraph transmission equipment (right) and electrical transmission towers (left), symbolizing Italy's industrial modernization. The text 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 3 OTTOBRE 1990' identifies this as issued under the ministerial decree of October 3, 1990. The warning text states 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes counterfeiters and distributors of false notes).

back_description:
  Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), Italian opera composer of the bel canto era, best known for his operas Norma, La sonnambula, and I puritani. Behind his portrait appears the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (his birthplace), the opera house built 1870–1890 and named in his honor. Musical notation from one of his compositions appears in the background. Bellini is one of Italy's most celebrated cultural figures, his work defining the romantic opera tradition.

historical_notes:
  This 5000 lire note belongs to the Bellini series issued by the Banca d'Italia between 1985 and 1992, with this specific variant (P-113c with signatures of Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and Cashier F. Masera) printed from 1990. The front's industrial imagery reflects Italy's modernization themes common in late-period lire designs. The series was withdrawn from circulation following the introduction of the euro in 2002. The serial number format VC-######-S follows standard Banca d'Italia practice; no documented serial-year encoding is known for this series. The note was printed at the Officina della Banca d'Italia, the Bank's own printing facility.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 5000
series_name: Bellini series
series_year: 1985
series_range: 1985-1992
issue_year: 1985
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Carlo A. Ciampi; Il Cassiere: [signature visible]
printer: Officina Carte Valori - Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x80
watermark: Portrait of Vincenzo Bellini in clear field at right
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #c8b882,#8b9e6f,#d4a574
portrait_subject: Vincenzo Bellini
reverse_subject: Teatro Massimo Bellini, Catania
themes: composer,artist,architecture
pick_number: 111c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:40
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:40
front_description:
  Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835), Italian opera composer from Catania, Sicily, one of the most important figures of the bel canto opera tradition. His most celebrated works include Norma, I puritani, and La sonnambula. The front features an allegorical female figure representing Music or the Arts, holding a lyre, positioned within a sunburst medallion with the text 'IL SECOLO UNISCE FABBRICATORI E SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (the century unites manufacturers and distributors of counterfeit notes) along the circular edge. The decree date 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 4 GENNAIO 1985' appears at bottom right.

back_description:
  Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania, Sicily, the opera house dedicated to Vincenzo Bellini and inaugurated in 1890. The teatro is one of Italy's most prestigious opera venues. The back features a portrait of Bellini at right and the ornate architectural details of the theatre in the background, along with the coat of arms of the Italian Republic (a crowned lion above a shield) at left center. The inscription 'LIRE MILLE' appears at top, with 'PAGABILI A VISTA AL PORTATORE' (payable on sight to the bearer) below it.

historical_notes:
  This 5000 lire note belongs to the Bellini series issued by Banca d'Italia starting with Decreto Ministeriale of January 4, 1985, and circulated until Italy's adoption of the euro in 2002. The note was demonetized on February 28, 2002, when the lira ceased to be legal tender. This series featured prominent Italian cultural figures: Bellini (composer) on the 5000, Caravaggio on the 100,000, and Montessori on the 1000 lire. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi served as Governor of the Bank of Italy from 1979 to 1993, and later became Prime Minister and President of Italy. The note employs traditional intaglio printing with elaborate guilloche patterns and microtext security features typical of pre-euro Italian currency.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_name: Maria Montessori series
series_range: 1990–1998
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Antonio Fazio; Il Cassiere: [illegible]
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
engraver: Gio. Pino inv., F. Zannoti inc.
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 150x70
watermark: Portrait of Maria Montessori
security_features: thread, microprint, intaglio
color_palette: #d4a76a,#8b4513,#4682b4
portrait_subject: Maria Montessori
reverse_subject: Palazzo del Governo (Government Palace), Milan
themes: scientist,writer,statesman,architecture
pick_number: 114
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:41
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:41
front_description:
  Palazzo del Governo (Government Palace) in Milan, a neoclassical building constructed in 1771–1778 as the Royal Ducal Palace during Austrian rule, later serving as the seat of Milanese provincial government. The building features characteristic colonnaded architecture and has been a symbol of civic administration in Milan for over two centuries. The front bears the inscription 'BANCA POPOLARE DI MILANO' overprint, with text indicating 'Biglietto Assegnato' (assigned note) and 'Provincia di Milano', reflecting a local banking institution's issue against this national currency note.

back_description:
  Maria Montessori (1870–1952), Italian physician, educator, and innovator who developed the Montessori method of education emphasizing self-directed learning and hands-on activity for children. She was one of Italy's first female physicians and became internationally renowned for her revolutionary educational philosophy. Her pedagogical methods have been adopted worldwide and continue to influence early childhood education globally; she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times for her contributions to education and child development.

historical_notes:
  This 1000 lire note belongs to the Maria Montessori series issued by the Banca d'Italia from 1990 to 1998, part of the final generation of Italian lira banknotes before the introduction of the euro. The series honored distinguished Italians who made significant contributions to culture, science, and the arts. This particular note features an overprint 'BANCA POPOLARE DI MILANO' with 'Biglietto Assegnato Provincia di Milano', indicating it was a special issue or assignment by the Banca Popolare di Milano, a regional cooperative bank. Such overprints were used for specific banking purposes or local circulation. The serial number NF 136416 U follows the standard Banca d'Italia format. The note was demonetized on February 28, 2002, when Italy fully transitioned to the euro, though lira notes could be exchanged at the Banca d'Italia for years afterward. The Montessori series is widely collected and represents the final era of Italian paper currency.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 100 Lire
issue_year: 1977
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca Popolare di Milano
issuer_native: Banca Popolare di Milano
signatures: Direzione Generale: signature present but illegible
material: paper
security_features: microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b4513,#1a1a1a
reverse_subject: Unidentified historical building
themes: architecture,industry
language_script: Latin
languages: it
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:58
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:33:58
front_description:
  This is a miniassegno (mini-check) for 100 Lire issued by Banca Popolare di Milano, a cooperative bank founded in 1865 with headquarters in Milan. The front bears the text 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 6 GENNAIO 1976' referring to the ministerial decree that authorized these emergency scrip issues, with serial number RB 160371 F repeated on both sides. The note bears the warning 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes the makers and passers of false notes) and identifies itself as 'OFFICINA DELLA BANCA D'ITALIA'.

back_description:
  The reverse displays 'LA BANCA POPOLARE DI MILANO' prominently at top, with cooperative society registration details showing capital and reserves as of December 31, 1975. The note is marked 'PAGHERA A VISTA PER QUESTO ASSEGNO CIRCOLARE' (Will pay on sight for this circular check) and dated 'Milano 30 Giugno 1977'. It is payable 'a Unione Artigiani della Provincia di Milano' (to the Union of Artisans of the Province of Milan). An architectural motif appears at left showing what appears to be a Renaissance or Baroque-era palazzo. The note is signed by the bank's Direzione Generale (General Management) and includes a control number 9879/13/2.

historical_notes:
  This is a miniassegno, a form of emergency scrip issued by Italian banks and businesses during the Italian coin shortage crisis of the 1970s (particularly 1975–1978). When small-denomination coins became scarce due to hoarding and the high cost of base metals, the Italian government authorized banks and large companies to issue these small-denomination bearer checks (assegni circolari) as a substitute for coins in everyday transactions. The Banca Popolare di Milano was one of many cooperative and commercial banks that issued miniassegni. These notes circulated alongside official currency and were eventually withdrawn when the coin shortage eased. The printed date of June 30, 1977 establishes the issue year. The ministerial decree reference (January 6, 1976) refers to the legal framework authorizing these issues. All miniassegni were demonetized when Italy adopted the Euro in 2002, though they had largely ceased circulating by the early 1980s. The payee inscription 'Unione Artigiani della Provincia di Milano' indicates this particular note was intended for circulation among artisan guild members in Milan province.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_year: 1990
series_range: 1990–1998
issue_year: 1990
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore; Il Cassiere
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 165x73
watermark: Portrait of Galileo Galilei in clear field at left
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio,watermark
color_palette: #8b4513,#f5deb3,#556b2f
portrait_subject: Galileo Galilei
reverse_subject: Maria Montessori
themes: scientist,writer,statesman
pick_number: 114
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:04
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:04
front_description:
  Maria Montessori (1870–1952), Italian physician and educator who developed the Montessori method of education, depicted reading with a young child. She was the first woman to qualify as a physician in Italy and became renowned worldwide for her revolutionary educational philosophy emphasizing child-centered learning and hands-on discovery. The scene shows her engaged in teaching, with books and educational materials, representing her lifelong dedication to childhood education and development. The inscription 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 3 OTTOBRE 1990' indicates the ministerial decree date, and the warning 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes makers and distributors of counterfeit notes) appears at right. Engraver signature 'A. DE ANGELIS INC.' is visible.

back_description:
  Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), Italian astronomer, physicist, and polymath who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He improved the telescope and made groundbreaking astronomical observations supporting heliocentrism, studied motion and mechanics, and is often called the 'father of modern science.' Behind him is a depiction of the dome of Florence's Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo), one of the architectural masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance. A circular medallion at right shows the winged Lion of St. Mark and Italian coat of arms with the label 'GALILEO.'

historical_notes:
  This 1000 lire note belongs to the final series issued by the Banca d'Italia before Italy adopted the euro. The note was introduced by ministerial decree on October 3, 1990, as indicated on the obverse. This series circulated throughout the 1990s until the lira was replaced by the euro on January 1, 1999 (for accounting purposes) and February 28, 2002 (for cash transactions). The note honors two of Italy's most significant contributors to science and education: Galileo Galilei, whose scientific method revolutionized understanding of the physical world, and Maria Montessori, whose educational methods transformed childhood pedagogy globally. The note was printed by the Officina della Banca d'Italia, which had produced Italian currency since the early 20th century. The serial format 'NA 424845 Z' follows the standard Banca d'Italia convention of the period.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 2000
series_name: Galileo series
series_year: 1983
series_range: 1983–1990
issue_year: 1983
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi; Il Cassiere: (signature illegible)
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x80
watermark: Portrait of Galileo Galilei in clear field
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b6f47,#f5e6d3
portrait_subject: Galileo Galilei
reverse_subject: Galileo Galilei
themes: scientist
pick_number: 103c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:34
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:34
front_description:
  View of Venice with the Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale) at center left, one of the most iconic Gothic buildings of Venice, the seat of the Doge and Venetian government from the 9th century until the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797. The building represents Venice's historical importance as a center of commerce, art, and political power in the Mediterranean world.

back_description:
  Galileo Galilei (1564–1621), Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, and polymath who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He improved the telescope, made astronomical observations supporting heliocentrism, formulated the laws of motion and pioneered experimental science. He is widely regarded as the father of modern observational astronomy, modern physics, the scientific method, and modern science itself.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the 1983–1990 Galileo series issued by Banca d'Italia, which featured the great scientist on the 2000 lire denomination. The series was part of Italy's pre-euro currency system and was withdrawn from circulation when the euro replaced the Italian lira on 1 January 2002, with a demonetization deadline of 28 February 2002. The signatures indicate Carlo Azeglio Ciampi as Governor, who served from 1979 to 1993 before becoming Prime Minister and later President of Italy. The note bears the inscription 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (The law punishes counterfeiters and distributors of false notes) and 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 6 GENNAIO 1982' on the front, establishing the legal framework for this issue.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_name: Republica Italiana
series_range: 1962–1983
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
predecessor_currency: Italian Military Lira
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
signatures: Il Governatore: Carlo A. Ciampi; Il Cassiere: Filippo
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 164x74
watermark: Giuseppe Verdi portrait in clear field
security_features: intaglio,microprint,watermark
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#2f2f2f
portrait_subject: Giuseppe Verdi
reverse_subject: Giuseppe Verdi
themes: artist,writer
pick_number: 101
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:36
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:36
front_description:
  Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), Italy's greatest opera composer, known for works including La Traviata, Rigoletto, and Aida. The front features ornate guilloche patterns with two circular clear fields for watermark visibility, Italian coat of arms with the she-wolf of Rome at left, and the text 'CINQUECENTO' (Five Hundred) in large letters at bottom. The denomination 'LIRE' appears at center-right. Verdi appeared on this series as a symbol of Italian cultural achievement during the post-war Republic period.

back_description:
  Giuseppe Verdi portrait at right, with an outline map of Italy in the background showing Rome and the Italian peninsula. The text 'PAGABILI A VISTA AL PORTATORE' (Payable on sight to bearer) appears at top. The denomination '1000' is prominently displayed vertically at center-left, with 'LIRE MILLE' at top and 'BANCA D'ITALIA' at bottom. The coat of arms with the Capitoline Wolf appears at upper center, symbolizing Rome as the capital of the Italian Republic.

historical_notes:
  This is part of the Giuseppe Verdi 1000 lire series issued by Banca d'Italia during the Italian Republic period, first introduced in 1962 and continuing through multiple signature variants until 1983. The series honored the composer Giuseppe Verdi, whose image appeared on Italian currency for decades. The note bears signatures of Il Governatore (Governor) Carlo A. Ciampi and Il Cassiere (Cashier) whose signature appears as 'Filippo'. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi served as Governor of the Bank of Italy from 1979 to 1993, which helps date this note to the 1979–1983 period of this series. The Italian lira was replaced by the euro in 2002. Pick number P-101 represents the standard type for this denomination and design in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 500
series_name: Repubblica Italiana series
series_range: 1974–1979
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro (EUR)
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: REPUBBLICA ITALIANA
printer: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 140x73
watermark: Female head in profile in clear field at left center
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio,see_through_register
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8fae9a,#5a7b6f
portrait_subject: Allegorical female head representing Italy
reverse_subject: Allegorical female head representing Italy
themes: mythology,statesman
pick_number: P-95
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:38
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:38
signatures:
  Il Direttore Generale del Tesoro: [illegible]; Il Cassiere Speciale: [illegible]; Vice Direttore Generale della Banca d'Italia: [illegible]

front_description:
  Allegorical female head representing Italy (often identified with Minerva or Roma) in profile, surrounded by ornate baroque decorative elements including scrollwork and flourishes. The note displays 'CINQUECENTO' (five hundred) and 'LIRE' prominently, with intricate guilloché patterns and circular vignettes. This design represents the Italian Republic's banknote artistry of the 1970s, featuring allegorical rather than historical portraiture as was common in post-war Italian currency.

back_description:
  Allegorical female head representing Italy in profile facing right, with classical styling showing curled hair in the Greek or Roman manner. The reverse displays 'REPUBBLICA ITALIANA' at top and 'CINQUECENTO 500' prominently at center, with 'BIGLIETTO DI STATO A CORSO LEGALE' (state note with legal tender status) below the denomination. The note includes geometric decorative patterns and the printer's name 'IPS OFF CARTE VALORI' and designer 'VANOELLI' at bottom edges.

historical_notes:
  This 500 lire note belongs to the Repubblica Italiana series issued by the Italian state (not the Banca d'Italia) as legal tender state notes ('Biglietto di Stato'). The series was introduced under Decree Law No. 421 of August 14, 1974, and was part of Italy's post-war currency system before the introduction of the Euro in 2002. These notes featured allegorical representations of Italy rather than historical figures, continuing a tradition of symbolic imagery on Italian state banknotes. The 500 lire denomination was a mid-value note in circulation during the 1970s and was eventually replaced by a bimetallic coin in 1982. All Italian lira ceased to be legal tender on February 28, 2002, following Italy's adoption of the Euro. The visible serial number Q18 644322 follows the standard Italian format with a letter prefix and six-digit number. The signatures represent officials from the Ministry of Treasury and the State Printing Office who were authorized signatories during the 1970s issue period.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 500 Lire
series_name: Mercury series
series_range: 1966–1979
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: Banca d'Italia
printer: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
engraver: E. Vangelli
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 157x73
watermark: Head of Mercury in profile
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#7fa895,#3d5a4a
portrait_subject: Mercury
reverse_subject: Head of Mercury
themes: mythology,science
pick_number: P-93
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:39
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:34:39
signatures:
  Il Direttore Generale: [signature]; Il Cassiere Speciale: [signature]; Il Vice Capo Servizio per la Corte dei Conti: [signature]

front_description:
  Allegorical representation of Galileo Galilei's astronomical and scientific work, featuring his celestial maps and diagrams of the heavens. The left panel displays a double-hemisphere celestial chart showing the zodiac constellations and planetary systems, representing Galileo's revolutionary contributions to astronomy including his telescopic observations that confirmed heliocentric theory. The right side features a Renaissance-era Venetian architectural scene with cypresses and scientific instruments, symbolizing Italy's leadership in Renaissance science and the Age of Discovery. This design type honors Italian scientific achievement during the height of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th-17th centuries.

back_description:
  Head of Mercury (Roman god Mercurius), messenger of the gods and patron of commerce, travelers, and communication, shown in classical profile facing left. Mercury was chosen as the symbol for this banknote series to represent the movement of money and trade in the modern Italian economy. The head is rendered in Renaissance sculptural style, linking ancient Roman heritage with Italy's artistic tradition. The denomination 500 appears prominently at center, with 'CINQUECENTO' (five hundred) and 'REPUBBLICA ITALIANA' indicating the issuing republic. Designer E. Vangelli's signature appears at lower right.

historical_notes:
  This 500 Lire note belongs to the Mercury series issued by the Banca d'Italia from 1966 to 1979, replacing earlier designs. The decree dates printed on the front read 'DECR. MIN. 24 OTTOBRE 1963 e 19 SETTEMBRE 1977', indicating the ministerial decrees authorizing the note. This design celebrated Italian scientific and cultural heritage during the post-war economic boom (miracolo economico). The Italian Lira was replaced by the Euro on 1 January 2002, with a transition period ending 28 February 2002 when Lire notes ceased to be legal tender. The 500 Lire denomination was a mid-value note in circulation during this period, widely used for everyday transactions. Serial number U14 603997 visible on the reverse.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 10 Lire
series_name: Biglietto di Stato (State Notes)
series_range: 1939–1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1943
successor_currency: Allied Military Currency
issuer: Regno d'Italia
issuer_native: REGNO D'ITALIA
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#4a4a3a,#8b7355
portrait_subject: Victor Emmanuel III
reverse_subject: Industrial machinery and themes
themes: monarch,industry
pick_number: 25c
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:16
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:16
front_description:
  Victor Emmanuel III (1869–1947), King of Italy from 1900 to 1946, who ruled during both World Wars and aligned Italy with fascism under Mussolini. His portrait appears on the back of this note. The front features industrial imagery including power transmission towers, electrical generators, and a ship, symbolizing Italy's industrial modernization under the fascist regime. The inscription 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 3 OTTOBRE 1940' indicates this design was authorized by ministerial decree of October 3, 1940. Text at bottom references 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' (the law punishes makers and distributors of counterfeit notes).

back_description:
  The reverse features the profile portrait of Victor Emmanuel III facing right, with the text 'REGNO D'ITALIA BIGLIETTO DI STATO A CORSO LEGALE' (Kingdom of Italy State Note with Legal Tender) and denomination 'DIECI LIRE' (Ten Lire). The design includes checkered ornamental patterns and the Savoy coat of arms. The text confirms this is a state note (Biglietto di Stato) issued directly by the Kingdom rather than by the central bank.

historical_notes:
  This 10 Lire note belongs to the Biglietto di Stato series issued by the Kingdom of Italy during World War II. The 'DECRETO MINISTERIALE 3 OTTOBRE 1940' visible on the front indicates this particular design variant was authorized in October 1940, during Italy's participation in WWII as part of the Axis powers. State notes (Biglietti di Stato) were issued directly by the government alongside central bank notes (Biglietti della Banca d'Italia). These notes circulated during the fascist period under Mussolini and were eventually replaced by Allied Military Currency after Italy's surrender in 1943. The industrial imagery reflects the regime's emphasis on modernization and autarky. Printed by the Officina della Banca d'Italia (Printing Office of the Bank of Italy). This specific variant (P-25c) is distinguished by the October 1940 decree date.


country: Italy
currency: Allied Military Lira
denomination: 2 Lire
series_name: Allied Military Currency (AM-lire) Series 1943
series_year: 1943
series_range: 1943–1950
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1950
predecessor_currency: Italian Lira (Fascist era)
successor_currency: Italian Lira (Republic)
issuer: Allied Military Government
printer: United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 105x66
security_features: microprint
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b7355,#6b4e71
themes: military
pick_number: PM1
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:43
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:43
front_description:
  Allied Military Currency for occupied Italy featuring the text 'FREEDOM FROM WANT AND FEAR' and 'FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND WANT' surrounding a circular design. This note was issued by the Allied Military Government following the invasion of Italy in 1943 to provide stable currency for the Italian population and Allied forces. The AM-lire replaced the Fascist-era Italian lira in Allied-controlled zones.

back_description:
  Simple typographic design stating 'ISSUED IN ITALY' with 'SERIES 1943' and denomination '2 LIRE' repeated in the four corners. Serial number A48861894A in red. The header reads 'ALLIED MILITARY CURRENCY'. This austere design was intended for rapid mass production and immediate circulation in liberated Italian territories during World War II.

historical_notes:
  Allied Military Currency Series 1943 for Italy, commonly known as AM-lire, was issued by the Allied Military Government (AMG) following the Allied invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy in 1943. These notes were printed by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing and circulated alongside Italian lira until 1950. The series was designed to prevent inflation and provide a stable medium of exchange in war-torn Italy. The 2 Lire denomination was the lowest value in the series. The motto 'Freedom from Want and Fear' references Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech (1941), connecting the currency to Allied war aims. These notes were demonetized in 1950 after the Italian Republic established its own currency system.


country: Italy
currency: Allied Military Lira
denomination: 50
series_name: Allied Military Currency Series A
series_year: 1943
series_range: 1943–1950
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1950
predecessor_currency: Italian Lira
successor_currency: Italian Lira
issuer: Allied Military Government
printer: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 156x66
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #87ceeb,#d4af37,#f5f5dc
themes: military
pick_number: M15a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:46
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:46
front_description:
  Allied Military Currency 50 Lire note issued during World War II for use by Allied forces in Italy following the 1943 invasion. The front is heavily faded but retains visible cursive handwritten notation ('D.S.A.D. Station' or similar) and serial number verification marking. These notes were printed by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing and distributed to soldiers and for local transactions in liberated territories.

back_description:
  Allied Military Government 50 Lire, Series of 1943 A. The back features ornate blue-green guilloche patterns and scrollwork with the denomination prominently displayed as 'CINQUANTA 50 LIRE' at center. Serial number A93012355A appears twice in red. Text 'ISSUED IN ITALY' appears on both sides of the denomination. These notes were a key component of the Allied occupation currency strategy, replacing local currency temporarily to prevent inflation and control the monetary supply during the Italian Campaign.

historical_notes:
  Allied Military Currency (AMC) for Italy was issued beginning in 1943 following the Allied invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy. Series of 1943 A notes were printed in the United States and shipped to the Mediterranean theater. The 50 Lire denomination was among the most commonly used values. These notes circulated alongside Italian lira but were the primary currency for military payroll and local transactions in Allied-controlled areas until gradually phased out by 1950 as the Bank of Italy resumed normal operations. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing produced these notes using similar printing techniques to U.S. currency. Pick M15a specifically refers to the Series 1943 A issue with 'ISSUED IN ITALY' text.


country: Italy
currency: Lira
denomination: 1 Lira
series_name: Allied Military Currency Series 1943
series_year: 1943
series_range: 1943–1946
issue_year: 1943
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1946
predecessor_currency: Italian Lira
successor_currency: Italian Lira (Republic)
issuer: Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories
printer: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 127x54
security_features: intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #f5deb3,#add8e6,#8b4513
themes: military
pick_number: P-M15a
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en,it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:47
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:35:47
front_description:
  Allied Military Currency issued for use in Italy during and immediately after World War II. This 1 Lira note was part of the occupation currency series prepared by the Allied forces following the invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy in 1943. The note features entirely guilloche patterns with no portraits, reflecting the military administration's practical approach to emergency currency issue during wartime. Inscribed 'ALLIED MILITARY CURRENCY' at top.

back_description:
  Reverse design prominently displays 'ISSUED IN ITALY' and 'SERIES 1943' with the denomination '1 LIRA' in large black text at center. The serial number A60126533A appears in red at bottom. Corner numerals '1' appear in each corner. The note is surrounded by a decorative guilloche border in blue-green with ornamental corner elements. This utilitarian design was typical of Allied Military Government currency, printed rapidly for occupation zones to provide stable currency while preventing use of Axis-controlled money.

historical_notes:
  The Allied Military Currency (AM-lire) Series 1943 was issued by the Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT) during the Allied invasion and occupation of Italy following the successful Sicily campaign in July 1943. These notes were printed by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the British printers, circulating alongside (and eventually displacing) Italian Fascist currency. The AM-lire remained in circulation through the immediate post-war period until withdrawn in 1946, when the newly established Italian Republic restored the regular Italian lira. The 1 Lira denomination was the lowest value in the series. These notes are significant artifacts of WWII military occupation economics and the transition from Fascist to Republican Italy. Denominations ranged from 1 to 1000 lire, all following the same basic design template with variations in color and size. The serial number format with red printing and prefix/suffix letters (here 'A...A') is characteristic of this series.


country: Italy
currency: Lira (ITL)
denomination: 10 Lire
series_name: Allied Military Currency
series_range: 1943–1950
issue_year: 1943
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1950
successor_currency: Lira (Republic of Italy series)
issuer: Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories
printer: Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company (Boston)
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 117x63
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4b896,#8b7355,#f5deb3
themes: military
pick_number: M4
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:13
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:13
front_description:
  Allied Military Currency 10 Lire note issued for use in Italy during World War II. The design features the denomination 'DIECI LIRE' prominently displayed in the center with 'DIECI' (ten) overprinted on geometric decorative elements. These AM-Lire notes were issued by the Allied Military Government (AMG) following the 1943 invasion of Italy and circulated alongside regular Italian currency to prevent the Axis powers from exploiting the local monetary system during liberation operations.

back_description:
  The reverse features the text 'Credito Italiano' with '100' in a box at upper right (a security feature showing this is an overprinted 100 Lire base note revalued to 10 Lire), the denomination 'Lire cento' and location text 'a SPAR' (SPAR being a branch indicator). The date 'Milano 21 settembre 1976' is printed at lower left, with serial number '05,067119347' and signatures. This is actually a Credito Italiano bank check form that was overprinted and repurposed as Allied Military Currency, a common wartime expedient to rapidly produce occupation currency.

historical_notes:
  This is Allied Military Currency (AM-Lira) issued for Italy during and after World War II, 1943–1950. The Allied Military Government printed these notes to provide a stable medium of exchange in liberated Italian territories and prevent the use of occupation currency by Axis forces. The front is clearly AMG issue with 'DIECI LIRE' denomination. However, the back reveals this was printed on repurposed Credito Italiano bank check/draft stock dated 1976, which is anachronistic—the 1976 date suggests this is either a training note, a later reproduction, or mismatched imagery. True AM-Lira notes (Pick M1–M7 series) were printed 1943–1944 primarily by Forbes Lithograph in Boston. The mismatched dates between the AMG front (1943–1945 style) and the 1976-dated Credito Italiano back strongly indicate these images do not represent the same authentic banknote. Pick M4 refers to the standard 10 AM-Lire note; authentic specimens have military-issue backs, not commercial bank forms. Allied Military Currency was withdrawn in 1950 when the Bank of Italy resumed full control of currency issuance.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
predecessor_currency: Italian Lira (Kingdom)
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: Banca d'Italia
material: paper
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#e8d7b8
portrait_subject: Giuseppe Verdi
themes: artist,writer
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:26
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:26
front_description:
  Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), Italian Romantic composer renowned worldwide for his operas including Rigoletto, La traviata, Aida, and Otello. He is among Italy's most celebrated cultural figures and appeared on multiple denominations of the Italian Lira; his portrait on this 1000 Lire note reflects the Republic of Italy's tradition of honouring national artists and intellectuals on its currency during the second half of the 20th century.

back_description:
  The back design is heavily obscured in the provided image but appears to show decorative elements typical of mid-to-late 20th century Italian Lira notes, which often featured architectural or cultural motifs complementing the portrait subject. Without clear identification of the specific imagery, the reverse subject cannot be confidently named.

historical_notes:
  This is a 1000 Lire note from the Republic of Italy's Banca d'Italia, featuring Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian Lira served as Italy's currency from 1861 until its replacement by the Euro on January 1, 1999 (cash transition completed February 28, 2002). Verdi appeared on multiple series of the 1000 Lire denomination, including issues in the 1960s–1980s. Without a visible date or series inscription, and given the note's heavily worn and obscured condition, the exact issue year and series cannot be determined from the provided images. The serial number visible is SD 891759 A. The note shows significant wear, staining, and deterioration consistent with extended circulation. Italian Lira notes of this era were printed by various state printers including the Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_year: 1992
issue_year: 1992
era: 1990_present
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: EUR
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 162x75
security_features: thread,microprint
color_palette: #d4c9a8,#8b7355,#c19a6b
portrait_subject: Giuseppe Verdi
reverse_subject: Teatro alla Scala
themes: artist,architecture
pick_number: 114
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:54
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:54
front_description:
  Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), Italian Romantic composer renowned as one of the greatest opera composers in history. Verdi created iconic works including La Traviata, Rigoletto, Aida, and Otello, and his music became deeply intertwined with Italian national identity during the Risorgimento. His portrait appears on this 1000 lire note as recognition of his central place in Italian cultural heritage.

back_description:
  Teatro alla Scala (La Scala) in Milan, one of the world's most prestigious opera houses where many of Verdi's works premiered. The neoclassical theatre, designed by Giuseppe Piermarini and opened in 1778, has been the spiritual home of Italian opera and a fitting tribute to Verdi, whose works have graced its stage throughout history. The architectural facade is shown in detailed engraving on the front of the note.

historical_notes:
  This 1000 lire note belongs to the final series of Italian lira banknotes issued before the introduction of the euro in 2002. The 'Decreto Ministeriale 6 Gennaio 1992' is printed on the front, indicating this design was authorized by ministerial decree in January 1992. This Verdi design replaced earlier 1000 lire notes and circulated until Italy adopted the euro on January 1, 2002, with lira notes ceasing to be legal tender on February 28, 2002. The note features intricate intaglio printing and security threads typical of 1990s banknote production.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000
series_name: Marco Polo series
series_range: 1982–1988
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
printer: Officina Carte Valori
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x75
watermark: Marco Polo portrait in clear field
security_features: thread,microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#5a6b4d
portrait_subject: Marco Polo
reverse_subject: Marco Polo
themes: statesman,writer,explorer
pick_number: 109
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:59
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:36:59
front_description:
  Marco Polo (1254–1324), Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer whose travels along the Silk Road to China and service at the court of Kublai Khan were chronicled in 'Il Milione' (The Travels of Marco Polo), one of the most influential travel narratives in European history. His accounts introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, significantly impacting European cartography and inspiring the Age of Exploration. The front features decorative guilloché patterns with circular medallions and the denomination '1000 LIRE' with serial prefix 'PPR' visible.

back_description:
  Marco Polo portrait at left, shown in profile wearing a traditional cap, with decorative background featuring map elements and ornamental designs referencing his travels. The back bears text 'BANCA D'ITALIA' reversed (mirror image due to see-through register security feature) and includes a circular seal with symbolic imagery. The denomination '1000' appears vertically, and inscriptions 'IL GOVERNATORE' and 'IL CASSIERE' indicate signature positions.

historical_notes:
  This 1000 Lire note belongs to the Marco Polo series issued by Banca d'Italia during the 1980s, specifically from 1982 to 1988 (various sources cite slightly different terminal dates, with some extending to 1990). The series replaced earlier 1000 Lire designs and circulated until Italy's adoption of the Euro on January 1, 1999 (with Lira banknotes remaining exchangeable until February 28, 2002, after which they were fully demonetized). Marco Polo was chosen to honour Italy's historical contributions to exploration and trade. The note features sophisticated intaglio printing and microtext security features typical of 1980s Italian currency production. Without a visible printed year or clearly legible signatures, precise issue year within the 1982–1988 range cannot be confidently determined from these images alone.


country: Italy
currency: ITL
denomination: 1000 Lire
series_name: Giuseppe Verdi series
series_year: 1960
series_range: 1962-1970
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
printer: Officina della Banca d'Italia
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 180x93
watermark: Head of Italia (female allegorical head) in clear field at center-left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b9e8a,#1a1a1a
portrait_subject: Giuseppe Verdi
reverse_subject: La Scala Theatre
themes: statesman,architecture,writer
pick_number: 96
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:01
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:01
signatures:
  Il Dirett. Gen. del Tesoro: (signature); Il Cassiere Speciale: (signature); V. per la Corte dei Conti: (signature)

front_description:
  La Scala Theatre in Milan, one of the world's most famous opera houses. Opened in 1778, it has been the site of premieres of many operas by Verdi and other Italian composers; the theatre is depicted in fine engraved detail showing its neoclassical facade. The building was reconstructed after World War II bombing and remains the principal opera house of Milan, closely associated with Giuseppe Verdi whose portrait appears on the reverse.

back_description:
  Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), Italian Romantic composer of opera, widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of Italian opera in the 19th century. His works include Rigoletto, La traviata, Aida, and Nabucco. The stylized profile portrait shows the composer with characteristic wavy hair in classical allegorical style. Verdi's connection to La Scala Theatre (depicted on the front) was central to his career.

historical_notes:
  This note belongs to the Giuseppe Verdi series issued by the Banca d'Italia under the authority of the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), dated 21 febbraio 1962 (February 21, 1962) based on the decree date visible on the front vertical inscription. The series was introduced in 1962 and circulated through the 1960s-1970s as Italy's high-denomination note during the lira period. The 1000 lire denomination was common currency for larger transactions in post-war Italy. The note was printed by the Officina della Banca d'Italia (the Bank of Italy's own printing works). Designer attribution visible: LAZZARINI INV. on front, E. VANGELLI on back. The note features three signatures from officials of the Treasury, the Special Cashier, and the Court of Accounts (Corte dei Conti), reflecting Italy's complex fiscal oversight structure. This series was demonetized when Italy adopted the Euro on January 1, 2002, with lira notes ceasing to be legal tender by February 28, 2002. Pick catalog reference P-96. Serial number H35 930981 visible.


country: Italy
currency: Italian Lira (ITL)
denomination: 1000 Lire / 500 Lire
series_year: 1969
series_range: 1969-1981
issue_year: 1969
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 2002-02-28
successor_currency: Euro (EUR)
issuer: Banca d'Italia
issuer_native: BANCA D'ITALIA
printer: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
engraver: E. Vangelli
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 160x75
watermark: Head of Italia (same as reverse portrait) in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,microprint,intaglio,guilloche_patterns
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#a0c8c8
reverse_subject: Head of Italia (allegorical female personification of Italy)
themes: architecture,mythology
pick_number: 101
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: it
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:17
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:17
signatures:
  Il Dirett. Gen. del Tesoro: [signature]; Il Cassiere Speciale: [signature]; V. per la Corte dei Conti: [signature]

front_description:
  Teatro alla Scala (La Scala) in Milan, the world-renowned opera house inaugurated in 1778. Designed by neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini, La Scala is one of the leading opera and ballet theatres globally and has premiered works by Verdi, Puccini, Bellini, and Rossini among others. The building's facade with its distinctive arched windows is shown in detailed engraving, representing Italian cultural heritage and the nation's contribution to opera and performing arts.

back_description:
  Head of Italia, the allegorical female personification of the Italian Republic, shown in classical profile facing right with elaborately curled hair in the Greco-Roman style. This symbolic representation of Italy as a goddess-like figure has been used on Italian currency since the late 19th century, embodying the nation's identity, unity, and connection to classical antiquity. The portrayal draws on Roman numismatic tradition and neoclassical artistic conventions.

historical_notes:
  This note is part of the 1969-1981 series of Italian Republic banknotes issued by the Banca d'Italia. The front displays a 1000 Lire denomination while the back shows 500 Lire, indicating this is a mismatched pair of two different denominations rather than the front and back of a single note. The 1000 Lire note (front, featuring La Scala) corresponds to Pick P-101, part of the Decree 20 February 1969 issue. The 500 Lire note (back, featuring the Head of Italia) corresponds to a separate series. Both were part of the Italian Lira system that circulated until the euro replacement in 2002. The text 'LA LEGGE PUNISCE I FABBRICATORI E GLI SPACCIATORI DI BIGLIETTI FALSI' on the front warns that the law punishes counterfeiters and distributors of false notes. Engraver E. Vangelli is credited on the back. The Italian Lira was demonetized on 28 February 2002 following euro adoption.


country: Jamaica
currency: JMD
denomination: 5 Shillings
series_name: Bank of Jamaica Law 1960 series
series_year: 1960
series_range: 1960-1964
issue_year: 1960
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1969
predecessor_currency: Jamaican pound
successor_currency: Jamaican dollar
issuer: Bank of Jamaica
signatures: Acting Governor: G.A. Brown
printer: Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 156x67
watermark: Portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,intaglio,microprint
color_palette: #8b4513,#d4af37,#e8d7c3
portrait_subject: Queen Elizabeth II
reverse_subject: Jamaican coat of arms
themes: monarch,statesman
pick_number: 51Aa
rarity_tier: scarce
language_script: Latin
languages: en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:37
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:37:37
front_description:
  Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022), Queen of Jamaica and other Commonwealth realms from 1952 to 2022. This note was issued during the early years of her reign, when Jamaica was still transitioning from colonial currency to decimal coinage. The front features decorative guilloché patterns, the denomination 'CINQUECENTO LIRE' in large letters, and ornate baroque scrollwork with allegorical figures at left representing the Bank of Italy's authority.

back_description:
  The Jamaican coat of arms featuring the national motto 'Out of Many, One People', flanked by two Taino figures (representing Jamaica's indigenous heritage), a crocodile and pineapples. The shield displays a red cross with five golden pineapples and the Royal Crest with the British lion above. Portrait of Queen Elizabeth II at left, with the inscription 'BANK OF JAMAICA' and denomination 'FIVE SHILLINGS'. Printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited as noted at bottom.

historical_notes:
  This 5 shillings note was issued under the Bank of Jamaica Law 1960, which established the Bank of Jamaica as the island's central bank following independence preparations. The shilling currency system was used in Jamaica from 1840 to 1969, when it was replaced by the decimal Jamaican dollar at a rate of 10 shillings = 1 dollar. This series, printed by De La Rue, features Queen Elizabeth II and represents Jamaica's status as a Commonwealth realm. The note was withdrawn from circulation in 1969 during the currency decimalization. The signature is that of G.A. Brown, who served as Acting Governor during this transitional period. Serial prefix 'FM' indicates a specific print run within the series.


country: Japan
currency: Yen
denomination: 100
series_name: Nippon Ginko Convertible Note
series_range: 1946–1953
era: 1946_1989
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1958
issuer: Nippon Ginko (Bank of Japan)
issuer_native: 日本銀行
printer: Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 162x93
security_features: intaglio
color_palette: #8b7355,#d4a76a,#3d2817
reverse_subject: Mount Fuji
themes: architecture,wildlife
pick_number: 89
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin script (front), Japanese kanji and hiragana (back)
languages: en,ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:08
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:08
front_description:
  The National Diet Building in Tokyo, completed in 1936 as the seat of Japan's bicameral legislature. The building's distinctive pyramid-shaped tower and neoclassical architecture made it a symbol of Japan's parliamentary democracy and was featured on currency during the post-WWII reconstruction period. The text 'NIPPON GINKO' appears at top with '100 YEN' at bottom.

back_description:
  Mount Fuji, Japan's highest and most sacred mountain at 3,776 meters, depicted with cherry blossoms (sakura) in the foreground. Fuji-san has been a central symbol of Japanese culture and spirituality for centuries, revered in Shinto tradition and featured extensively in Japanese art. The Imperial chrysanthemum seal appears at top center. Vertical text on the right reads the denomination in Japanese characters.

historical_notes:
  This is a Nippon Ginko (Bank of Japan) convertible note from the immediate post-WWII period (1946–1953), issued during the Allied Occupation. These notes were part of Japan's currency stabilization efforts following WWII hyperinflation and economic collapse. The series featured Japanese architectural and natural landmarks—deliberately chosen to rebuild national identity while being acceptable to occupation authorities. The 100 yen denomination was a workhorse note during reconstruction. These notes were replaced by the 1950s series Bank of Japan notes and formally demonetized in 1958. The red seal visible on the front is the Bank of Japan validation stamp. The series is catalogued as P-89 in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money.


country: Japan
currency: Yen
denomination: 50 Sen
series_name: Shōwa 13 series
series_year: 1938
series_range: 1938–1948
issue_year: 1938
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1953
successor_currency: Yen (revalued 1946)
issuer: Imperial Japanese Government
issuer_native: 大日本帝國政府
printer: Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 105x62
watermark: Chrysanthemum crest visible in clear field
security_features: microprint,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#f5e6d3
reverse_subject: Mount Fuji
themes: architecture,nature
pick_number: P-59
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Japanese (Kanji, Hiragana)
languages: ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:10
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:10
front_description:
  The front features the denomination '50' prominently displayed within geometric guilloche patterns. The note displays the imperial chrysanthemum crest (kikumon), the 16-petaled symbol of the Japanese Imperial family which has appeared on Japanese currency since ancient times. The denomination is expressed in sen, a subunit of the yen (1/100 yen). Intricate wave-pattern borders frame the design.

back_description:
  Mount Fuji (Fujisan), Japan's highest and most sacred mountain at 3,776 meters, dominates the reverse design with cherry blossoms (sakura) in the foreground. Mount Fuji has been a symbol of Japan for centuries and appears frequently on Japanese banknotes as an emblem of national identity. The chrysanthemum crest appears at top center, with text reading '大日本帝國政府紙幣' (Great Empire of Japan Government Note) and denomination '五拾錢' (50 sen). A red seal with the chrysanthemum crest appears at left. The serial number '783' in red appears twice.

historical_notes:
  This 50 sen note belongs to the Shōwa 13 (1938) series, issued during Emperor Hirohito's reign and the Second Sino-Japanese War period. The series was introduced in 1938 (Shōwa year 13 in the Japanese calendar) and remained in circulation through WWII and into the early postwar period until 1948. After Japan's defeat in 1945, massive inflation devalued the currency; the Bank of Japan Act of 1946 created the post-war yen at 1:1 parity but emergency measures in 1946 effectively revalued currency. These pre-war government notes were gradually withdrawn and demonetized by 1953. The sen denomination (1/100 yen) ceased to be used after 1953 due to inflation. The note was printed by the Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau (later the National Printing Bureau). Pick P-59 is well-documented and relatively common in numismatic markets.


country: Jamaica
currency: JMD
denomination: 50 Dollars
series_year: 2004
series_range: 2000–2008
issue_year: 2004
era: 1990_present
legal_status: withdrawn
legal_status_date: 2012
issuer: Bank of Jamaica
signatures: Governor: Derick Latibeaudiere
printer: De La Rue
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 156x69
watermark: Portrait of Samuel Sharpe in clear field at left
security_features: watermark,security_thread,microprint,see_through_register,latent_image
color_palette: #8b4789,#d4af37,#2f4f4f
portrait_subject: Samuel Sharpe
reverse_subject: Dunn's River Falls
themes: statesman,indigenous_culture,wildlife,agriculture
pick_number: 83
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Latin
languages: en
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:27
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:27
front_description:
  Dunn's River Falls near Ocho Rios, one of Jamaica's most famous natural landmarks, a terraced waterfall cascading 180 feet into the Caribbean Sea. The falls are a major tourist attraction and national heritage site, flowing over natural limestone terraces through lush tropical vegetation.

back_description:
  Samuel Sharpe (1801–1832), Jamaican national hero and Baptist deacon who led the 1831–32 Christmas Rebellion (Baptist War), the largest slave uprising in the British West Indies. His rebellion of some 60,000 enslaved people hastened the abolition of slavery in the British Empire; he was executed but posthumously designated a National Hero of Jamaica in 1975. The Jamaican coat of arms with its motto 'Out of Many, One People' appears at center.

historical_notes:
  This note is from the Bank of Jamaica series issued during the early 2000s, dated 15.01.2004. Samuel Sharpe appears on all 50-dollar Jamaican notes from this era. The front depicts a pre-independence design (5 shillings) referencing Jamaica's colonial currency history, while the back shows the modern decimal currency (fifty dollars) introduced in 1969. The Bank of Jamaica introduced enhanced security features during this period to combat counterfeiting. This series was later replaced by polymer notes beginning in 2012.


country: Jamaica
currency: Jamaican Dollar
denomination: 50 Dollar
issuer: Bank of Jamaica
printer: Thomas De La Rue and Company Limited
material: paper
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b4c4c,#4a4a3a
reverse_subject: Doctor's Cave Beach
themes: architecture
language_script: Latin
languages: en
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:29
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:29
front_description:
  Doctor's Cave Beach in Montego Bay, Jamaica. This famous beach became internationally known in the 1920s after Dr. Alexander McCatty donated the land for public bathing, and claims of the healing properties of its waters attracted tourists from around the world. The beach has been central to Jamaica's tourism industry and appears on this Bank of Jamaica fifty dollar note as a symbol of the island's natural beauty and economic importance of tourism.

back_description:
  Portrait of Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909), Japanese statesman and four-time Prime Minister of Japan, who played a crucial role in the Meiji Restoration and modernization of Japan. He was the principal author of the Meiji Constitution of 1889 and served as Japan's first Prime Minister. The text reads '日本銀券' (Bank of Japan Note) and '百円' (100 yen). The serial number UK351076H is visible, along with ornate decorative patterns typical of early to mid-20th century Japanese banknote design.

historical_notes:
  This appears to be a mismatched pair of banknotes. The front image shows a Bank of Jamaica $50 note featuring Doctor's Cave Beach with text 'THOMAS DE LA RUE AND COMPANY LIMITED' at the bottom, indicating it was printed by the renowned British security printer De La Rue. This note belongs to one of Jamaica's earlier currency series from the post-independence era. The back image shows a Bank of Japan 100 yen note from the Series C period (1953–1974), featuring Itō Hirobumi. These are clearly two different banknotes from different countries, denominations, and time periods that have been photographed together. The Jamaica note likely dates from the 1960s–1980s period based on the design style and De La Rue printing. The Japanese note is from the mid-20th century based on Itō Hirobumi's appearance on 100 yen notes during that era.


country: Japan
currency: Yen
denomination: 50 Sen
series_name: Taishō/Shōwa Government Notes Series
series_year: 1938
series_range: 1938-1948
issue_year: 1938
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1953
successor_currency: Yen (revalued 1946)
issuer: Government of Japan (Ministry of Finance)
issuer_native: 大日本帝国政府
printer: Government Printing Bureau
material: paper
dimensions_mm: 120x72
security_features: guilloche_patterns,intaglio
color_palette: #d4c5a0,#8b7355,#2f2f2f
reverse_subject: Mount Fuji
themes: architecture,nature
pick_number: 59
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Japanese (Kanji with some Kana)
languages: ja
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:31
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:38:31
front_description:
  Government note denomination 50 sen (拾銭五, written in traditional right-to-left format) with geometric guilloche patterns and vertical inscription showing the note type. The central vertical text indicates this is an imperial government note. The design is dominated by intricate anti-counterfeiting guilloche rosettes with the denomination '50' repeated in symmetrical patterns.

back_description:
  Mount Fuji (富士山), Japan's highest peak and most sacred mountain at 3,776 meters, depicted in the center with cherry blossom branches in the foreground. The chrysanthemum imperial seal appears at the top. The year notation at left shows Shōwa 13 (昭和十三年, 1938), and the text identifies this as a 50-sen note of the Imperial Japanese Government. Mount Fuji has been a national symbol since ancient times and frequently appears on Japanese currency as an emblem of cultural identity.

historical_notes:
  This 50-sen note belongs to the government note series issued during the Shōwa period under wartime economic conditions. The visible year 'Shōwa 13' (昭和十三年) on the back corresponds to 1938 in the Western calendar. These government notes (政府紙幣) were issued directly by the Ministry of Finance rather than the Bank of Japan, a practice used to supplement currency supply during the Second Sino-Japanese War and later World War II. The series continued to be issued through 1948 and remained legal tender until demonetization in 1953 following post-war currency reforms. The note uses traditional right-to-left Japanese text orientation. Pick catalog reference P-59.


country: Japan
currency: JPY
denomination: 50 Sen
series_name: Japanese Military Currency - China
series_year: 1938
series_range: 1938–1945
era: 1900_1945
legal_status: demonetized
legal_status_date: 1945
issuer: Imperial Japanese Government
issuer_native: 大日本帝國政府
material: paper
security_features: intaglio
color_palette: #8b8b5a,#d4c9a8,#6b6b4f
themes: military
pick_number: M14
rarity_tier: common
language_script: Japanese, Chinese
languages: ja,zh
value_currency: USD
created_at: 2026-05-10 09:39:05
updated_at: 2026-05-10 09:39:05
front_description:
  Japanese military occupation currency (Gunpyo) issued for use in occupied China during World War II. The note features the denomination 50 sen (五拾銭) in central vertical Chinese/Japanese characters, flanked by Arabic numerals '50' on both sides. Elaborate guilloche patterns provide anti-counterfeiting security. This military currency was issued by the Imperial Japanese Government to facilitate economic control in occupied territories.

historical_notes:
  This is Japanese Military Yen (軍票, gunpyō), occupation currency issued by Imperial Japan for use in occupied China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II (1937-1945). These notes were designed to replace local currencies and extract economic value from occupied territories while preserving Japan's domestic currency reserves. After Japan's surrender in 1945, all military currency became worthless and was demonetized. The 50 sen denomination was a fractional unit (100 sen = 1 yen). These notes are relatively common among collectors due to the large quantities printed during the occupation.


# valuation_events

currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:23
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Afghanistan P-60 500 Afghanis 1979 is a common issue frequently available in the market; XF specimens typically sell for $3-8 based on recent dealer inventories and auction results.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:26
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Pick 61c is a common issue from the early 1990s Afghan civil war period; XF specimens typically retail for $3–8 based on recent dealer inventories.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:30
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Afghanistan P-64 1 Afghani SH1381 (2002) is a common modern issue widely available in UNC condition at minimal premium over face value.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:33
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: P-55 1 Afghani notes from the 1990-2002 series are extremely common in UNC condition, with dealer prices typically ranging from $0.50 to $2.00 for singles.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:37
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Albania P-40a 1976 1 lek notes are very common in UNC condition with typical dealer prices ranging from $0.50–2.00 depending on seller markup.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:40
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Angola P-151A is a modern polymer issue from 2012 that remains in current circulation; UNC specimens are readily available from dealers at modest prices typical of common contemporary world notes.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:46
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Antarctica Overseas Exchange Office notes are fantasy/private issues marketed to collectors rather than legal tender; the 1999 2-dollar note in UNC typically sells for $3-8 in the novelty/tourist banknote market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:50
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Argentina P-323 1 Austral notes are extremely common hyperinflation-era currency with minimal collector demand; VF specimens typically sell for under $2 from dealers.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:54
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Argentina P-324 5 Australes is a common circulated note from the hyperinflation era; Fine grade examples typically sell for under $2 in the collector market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:11:57
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 10 Australes P-325 is a common circulated note from Argentina's hyperinflation period; VF examples typically sell for $0.50–2.00 at dealers and online marketplaces.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:00
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 10 Austral (P-325) from 1985-1991 is a very common circulated note from Argentina's hyperinflation period; F grade examples typically sell for under $2 in the retail market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:04
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: P-326 50 Australes notes are common issues from Argentina's hyperinflation period; VF specimens typically sell for $1.50–4 from dealers.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:07
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: P-326 50 Australes is a common high-inflation era note from Argentina; AU specimens typically sell for $2-4 in the retail market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:11
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: P-327 is a common circulated Austral note from the hyperinflation era; VF specimens typically retail for $1.50–4 based on current dealer inventories.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:14
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: P-317 1000 Peso Argentino notes from 1983-1985 are common circulation issues; XF specimens typically sell for $2-4 in the retail market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:18
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Argentina P-304 1000 Pesos Ley is a common issue from the high-inflation era with abundant surviving examples; AU specimens typically retail for $2-5 based on recent dealer inventory.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:21
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Pick #354 is a common modern Argentine note from the Convertible Peso series; XF examples typically sell for $2-5 in the collector market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:25
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 1000 Austral P-329 is a common circulated note from Argentina's hyperinflation era (1985-1991); VF examples typically sell for $1-3 in the retail market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:28
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Pick 354 is a common modern issue from the Peso Convertible series; VF specimens typically sell for $1.50-3.50 in the collector market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:31
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 2017 P-361 20 Pesos Native Animals series is a modern circulating note readily available in UNC condition from dealers at modest premiums over face value.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:35
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Armenia P-41 50 dram 1998 notes are common and widely available; XF examples typically sell for $1.50-3.50 in the retail market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:40
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 2004 2 dram note (P-52) is a common modern low-denomination note from Armenia's third dram series, with UNC specimens typically selling for $1-3 in the collector market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:44
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 1986 20 Schilling note (P-148) is a common modern issue widely available in VF condition, typically retailing for $3–7 based on current dealer inventories.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:48
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Austria P-148 20 Schilling 1986 is a common issue from the long-running Daffinger series; in F grade these typically retail for $1.50–3.50 based on recent dealer inventory.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:51
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Austria P-139 50 Schilling 1970 is a common issue from a long series; XF examples typically retail for $3-6 based on recent dealer inventories.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:55
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 1967 P-142 20 Schilling is a common issue from the second series; F grade specimens typically retail for $2-4 based on recent dealer inventories.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:12:58
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Allied Military Schilling notes from 1944 are readily available; P-103a in VF typically sells for $3-8 based on recent dealer inventories and auction results.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:13:02
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: Austria P-49 1 Krone Deutschösterreich overprints are common post-WWI transitional notes; AU examples typically sell for $3-8 in the current market.


currency: USD
source: ai
created_at: 2026-05-08 08:13:05
note:
  claude-sonnet-4-5: The 1967 20 Schilling P-142 is a common issue from the long-running Third Schilling Series; VF specimens typically retail for $3-6 based on recent dealer prices.


# stories

scope_country: Argentina
title: Argentina Through the Lens of Crisis and Renewal
model: claude-sonnet-4-5
prompt_version: story-v1
created_at: 2026-05-08 10:33:48
content_md:
  # Argentina Through the Lens of Crisis and Renewal

  Your collection of Argentine banknotes tells one of the most dramatic monetary stories of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries—a nation repeatedly attempting to tame the demon of hyperinflation, each new currency a declaration of hope, each eventual failure a lesson in the limits of monetary policy without fiscal discipline. These fourteen specimens span nearly five decades of Argentine economic history, from the twilight of military rule through democratic restoration and into the contemporary era, offering a intimate view of how a country's relationship with its own money can simultaneously reflect and shape its political destiny.

  ## The Peso Ley Era: Military Rule and Mounting Pressures (1970–1983)

  Your journey begins with a single survivor from the Peso Ley 18.188 series (Pick 304, 1000 Pesos), issued during Argentina's most turbulent decade. The Peso Ley had replaced the Peso Moneda Nacional in 1970 at a rate of 100:1, itself a response to inflation that had been building since the 1950s. This note, featuring the liberator José de San Martín on the obverse and the Casa Rosada on the reverse, circulated through the brutal years of military dictatorship (1976–1983), the "Dirty War," and the disastrous Falklands/Malvinas conflict of 1982. By the time democratic elections returned Argentina to civilian rule in 1983, inflation had become endemic, and the Peso Ley's days were numbered. The fact that your specimen survives in AU condition suggests it may have been tucked away during the chaos that followed.

  ## The Peso Argentino Interlude: Democracy's First Monetary Challenge (1983–1985)

  The return of democracy under Raúl Alfonsín brought immediate economic challenges. Your 1,000 Peso Argentino note (Pick 317) represents the short-lived currency introduced in June 1983 to replace the Peso Ley at 10,000:1—three zeros lopped off in a stroke. San Martín remained the face of Argentine money, a symbol of national unity in uncertain times. But printing new currency proved easier than controlling its value. The Peso Argentino lasted barely two years before hyperinflation rendered it obsolete, setting the stage for more dramatic intervention.

  ## The Austral Experiment: Bold Reform and Bitter Disappointment (1985–1991)

  The heart of your collection lies in the Austral series, and here you hold a comprehensive record of one of Argentina's most ambitious monetary reforms. Introduced on June 15, 1985, as the centerpiece of Economy Minister Juan Vital Sourrouille's Plan Austral, this new currency replaced the Peso Argentino at 1,000:1 and was accompanied by price freezes, wage controls, and fiscal adjustments. The name itself—Austral, meaning "southern"—was chosen to break psychologically with the word "peso" and its associations with instability.

  Your collection captures the full denomination spread of the early Austral series. The 1 and 5 Australes notes (Pick 323, Pick 324) feature allegorical figures of Liberty, harking back to classical republican imagery that suggested stability and permanence. These small denominations show the optimism of the Plan Austral's early months when inflation briefly seemed conquered. The 10 Australes appears in multiple variants in your collection (Pick 325), variously attributed to Santiago Derqui and Manuel Belgrano, reflecting the series' evolution over its six-year lifespan. These middling denominations bore witness to the plan's initial success and subsequent unraveling.

  As inflation returned in the late 1980s, higher denominations became necessary. Your two 50 Australes notes (Pick 326), both featuring Bartolomé Mitre—journalist, historian, and Argentina's first constitutional president—represent this transitional moment. One in VF and one in AU condition, they perhaps reflect different patterns of circulation during the currency's increasingly troubled final years. The 100 Australes (Pick 327) portrays Julio Argentino Roca, the controversial military leader who "conquered the desert" in the 1870s and served twice as president. By the time this note entered circulation, the Austral was already struggling.

  Your 1,000 Australes note (Pick 329) tells the endgame story. When a currency requires such high denominations for ordinary transactions, the battle is already lost. By 1989, Argentina experienced true hyperinflation—prices doubling every few weeks. The Austral, which had begun with such promise, ended in chaos. President Carlos Menem, elected in 1989, would eventually abandon it entirely.

  ## The Peso Convertible: Drastic Medicine and Prolonged Stability (1992–Present)

  Your two 10 Peso notes from the Peso Convertible series (Pick 354) mark the dawn of Argentina's longest period of monetary stability in living memory. Introduced in January 1992, the Convertible Peso replaced the Austral at 10,000:1 and was pegged 1:1 to the US dollar through a currency board arrangement. Finance Minister Domingo Cavallo's Convertibility Plan was radical: the central bank could only print pesos when backed by dollar reserves, effectively eliminating monetary financing of deficits.

  Both notes feature Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine flag, on the obverse. One depicts the creation of the flag itself; the other shows the Monumento a la Bandera in Rosario where Belgrano first raised the blue-and-white banner in 1812. These designs consciously emphasized founding myths and national symbols rather than the allegorical figures of the Austral era—suggesting a currency meant to endure rather than merely cope.

  The Convertibility Plan worked brilliantly until it didn't. For a decade, Argentines enjoyed price stability and economic growth. But the peso's peg to the strengthening dollar made exports uncompetitive, and Argentina's inability to devalue led to recession, debt crisis, and the catastrophic collapse of 2001–2002. The peg was abandoned, deposits were frozen, and Argentina defaulted on its debt. Yet remarkably, unlike previous currency reforms, the peso itself survived—no longer convertible, no longer pegged, but still called the peso. Your "withdrawn" specimen in VF condition may have circulated through both the stable 1990s and the turbulent early 2000s.

  ## The Native Animals Series: Post-Crisis Identity (2016–Present)

  Your final specimen, the 20 Peso note from 2017 (Pick 361), represents something genuinely new in Argentine monetary design. The Native Animals series, introduced in 2016 under President Mauricio Macri, replaced historical figures with images of Argentine fauna—in this case, the guanaco against the Patagonian steppe. This design philosophy marked a departure from the personality-cult aspects of previous currencies and from the founding-fathers symbolism of the Convertible Peso. Instead, it celebrated Argentina's natural heritage and biodiversity, perhaps suggesting that in a nation weary of economic and political turmoil, nature offered a more stable foundation for national identity than history or ideology.

  That this note remains in circulation speaks to the relative—if imperfect—stability Argentina has maintained since the 2001–2002 crisis. The peso has depreciated steadily and inflation remains stubbornly high by global standards, but Argentina has avoided the hyperinflationary spirals that characterized the 1980s and early 1990s. The appearance of a contemporary specimen in your collection, crisp in UNC condition, suggests ongoing attention to Argentina's monetary evolution.

  ---

  **What makes this collection distinctive** is its comprehensive documentation of the Austral experiment—you hold eight specimens from this crucial period, including duplicates that show varying circulation patterns. This focus reveals the Austral era not as a footnote but as the pivotal moment it was: when democratic Argentina tried and failed to break the inflation cycle through orthodox economic policy alone. The collection's relative sparsity for other periods—a single Peso Ley note, one Peso Argentino, just two Convertible Pesos—throws the Austral sequence into sharper relief. You've assembled not a comprehensive survey of Argentine currency, but rather a focused meditation on one particular moment of crisis and attempted reform, bookended by glimpses of what came before and after. The modern Native Animals note serves as a hopeful coda, suggesting that perhaps Argentina has finally found a way forward, even if the journey remains incomplete.


scope_country: Indonesia
title: The Republic in Paper: An Indonesian Currency Journey Through Revolution, Instability, and Renewal
model: claude-sonnet-4-5
prompt_version: story-v1
created_at: 2026-05-09 00:06:39
content_md:
  # The Republic in Paper: An Indonesian Currency Journey Through Revolution, Instability, and Renewal

  ## The Revolutionary Republic (1945–1949)

  Your collection begins at the very foundation of Indonesian independence with a rare fractional note from the Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI) series (Pick S122, 2½ Rupiah), issued between 1945 and 1949. This modest piece represents one of history's most audacious monetary declarations: a newly proclaimed republic, still fighting for recognition against Dutch colonial forces, printing its own money as an assertion of sovereignty. The ORI notes were produced under extraordinarily difficult wartime conditions, often in secret locations, and circulated during the Indonesian National Revolution. The rice plant and coconut palm on the reverse weren't merely decorative—they symbolized the agricultural foundation upon which the revolutionary government hoped to build economic independence. That this fragile piece of paper survived the chaos of revolution and civil war makes it a profound witness to Indonesia's birth as a nation.

  ## The Sukarno Era: Parliamentary Democracy and Workers' Pride (1958–1964)

  The late 1950s brought your collection into the period of Parliamentary Democracy under President Sukarno, when Indonesia was still defining its post-colonial identity. Your 1958 notes reveal a fascinating ideological program: the Workers Series (Seri Pekerja) celebrated labor and productivity as national virtues. The 100 rupiah note (Pick 59) features a rice farmer, while the 25 rupiah (Pick 56) shows an Indonesian weaver at a traditional loom—both printed domestically by Pertjetakan Kebajoran. These weren't just currency; they were propaganda celebrating the dignity of work and Indonesia's productive capacity.

  The transition to Guided Democracy after 1959 appears in your collection through the January 1959 series (Pick 68, 100 IDR), issued after the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia and the establishment of the unitary republic. The orchid flowers on the reverse signal a brief moment of optimism, but your 1960 specimen (Pick 60, 1000 Rupiah) tells a darker story: it circulated during a period of escalating economic instability.

  By 1961, your collection captures Indonesia struggling with inflation and fractional currency. The curious 2½ rupiah denomination (Pick 77) featuring a rubber tapper exemplifies the economic fragmentation—when even basic transactions required such small units, monetary stress was evident. Your unusual matched pair showing both a 1961 front and 1980 back illustrates how collectors sometimes encounter these transitional oddities, physical evidence of Indonesia's monetary turbulence.

  ## Hyperinflation and the Sukarno Crisis (1963–1965)

  The early 1960s specimens in your collection document one of Southeast Asia's most dramatic economic collapses. Your 1963 Worker Series note (Pick 89, 10 Rupiah) maintains the labor-celebration theme with wayang puppets, but by 1964, the situation had deteriorated catastrophically. Your multiple 1964 specimens (Picks 92, 95, 96, 98) show Sukarno's portrait appearing on currency even as hyperinflation destroyed its value. The 1000 rupiah note (Pick 98) from this year was printed by Pertjetakan Kebajoran during a crisis so severe that Indonesia would soon implement a devastating 1,000:1 redenomination.

  These notes circulated during Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia, growing Communist Party influence, and the political instability that would culminate in the 1965 coup attempt and Sukarno's fall from power. Your collection captures this turbulent moment through six different denominations from 1964, each bearing witness to economic catastrophe—inflation reached over 600% in 1965. The themes remained aspirational—Mount Krakatau, Birds of Paradise, traditional weavers—even as the currency itself became nearly worthless.

  ## The New Order Stabilization (1980–1992)

  The dramatic leap in your collection from 1964 to 1980 reflects the period when Indonesia rebuilt its currency under Suharto's New Order regime. Your 1980 series notes (Pick 119, 1000 IDR) featuring General Sudirman mark a return to stability. Sudirman, the revered independence-era military commander, was an ideal choice for the New Order government—a nationalist hero without Sukarno's baggage. The Birds of Paradise and Kraton Yogyakarta imagery on these notes represented a Indonesia that had survived its economic crisis and was now celebrating its cultural heritage from a position of relative strength.

  Your 1982 (Pick 121a, 500 IDR) and subsequent specimens show the systematic development of the New Order currency program. The 1985 series introduced R.A. Kartini on the 10,000 rupiah (Pick 126b), Indonesia's pioneering feminist and education advocate—a symbolic statement during a period when the regime was attempting to modernize while maintaining traditional structures. Your 1986 and 1987 specimens (Picks 125a, 129a) featuring Teuku Umar and Raja Sisingamangaraja XII extended this national hero theme, deliberately drawing from different regions to emphasize unity in diversity.

  ## The Democratic Transition (1992–2000)

  The 1992 series represents a fascinating shift in your collection, with multiple specimens showing Indonesia's move toward environmental and cultural themes. Your numerous 100 and 500 rupiah notes from this series (Picks 127, 128) feature Krakatau volcano, Pinisi sailing vessels, orangutans, and traditional Dayak longhouses. This was Suharto's Indonesia attempting to project environmental consciousness and cultural preservation even as his regime faced growing pressure for political reform.

  Your concentration of 1992-era notes—you have ten specimens from this series alone—captures the relative monetary stability of Indonesia's final years under Suharto. The domestic printing by Perum Percetakan Uang RI (PERURI) marked Indonesia's complete independence in currency production, no longer relying on foreign printers as in the revolutionary era.

  The 1996-dated 1000 rupiah notes (Pick 129g) featuring the Victoria Crowned Pigeon circulated during the period leading up to the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis. Though your collection doesn't include notes from the crisis itself, these pre-crisis specimens stood on the edge of another economic collapse that would end Suharto's 32-year rule.

  ## The Reform Era and Polymer Revolution (2000–Present)

  Your single 2000 series note (Pick 141, 1000 IDR) bridges the transition to democratic Indonesia, issued after Suharto's fall during the reformasi period. The Banda Neira warrior and traditional dance gathering reflect Indonesia's continued emphasis on regional diversity, now in the context of genuine democratic pluralism rather than authoritarian "unity."

  The collection culminates with your 2016 polymer notes (Pick 154), representing Indonesia's leap into modern currency technology. Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin, a pre-independence nationalist, appears alongside the Tari Tumbu Tanah dance from Nias, while another variant features Tjut Meutia and Krakatau. These polymer notes, introduced in December 2016, mark Indonesia's full technological maturity—a nation that began printing revolutionary paper money in secret locations during wartime now produces sophisticated polymer currency with advanced security features.

  ## What This Collection Reveals

  Your Indonesian holdings tell a story of extraordinary resilience and transformation. The arc from revolutionary paper to modern polymer spans some of the most dramatic political and economic upheavals of the twentieth century. What's particularly notable is your strong concentration in the crisis years—the 1964 hyperinflation period and the 1992 series—showing both collapse and recovery. The collection has fascinating gaps: the entire 1965-1979 period is absent, missing the crucial years when Indonesia's currency was actually redenominated and rebuilt. The ORI revolutionary note stands as a remarkable outlier, suggesting deliberate collecting interest in Indonesia's foundational moment.

  You've captured the evolution of Indonesia's economic nationalism through imagery: from workers and labor in the Sukarno years, to military heroes and national unity under the New Order, to environmental and cultural heritage in the democratic era. The multiple specimens from certain series, particularly the 1992 100 rupiah notes, suggest either careful accumulation of variants or the simple pleasure of acquiring Indonesia's most stable modern currency. This is a collection that understands Indonesia not just as denominations and dates, but as a nation that has repeatedly reinvented itself—and its money—in the face of revolution, dictatorship, crisis, and democratic transformation.


# country_references

country: Qatar
generated_at: 2026-05-10 10:36:35.681625
model: claude-sonnet-4-5
overview_md:
  **Qatar** has issued banknotes under two currency regimes. From 1966 to 1973, the country used the **Qatar and Dubai Riyal**, a shared currency with its neighbor Dubai during a brief monetary union. In 1973, following the formation of the United Arab Emirates (which absorbed Dubai), Qatar established its own independent currency, the **Qatar Riyal** (QAR), which remains in circulation today. The transition was smooth with no hyperinflation or dramatic redenominations, reflecting the country's oil-fueled economic stability.

  The modern **Qatar Riyal** has seen several distinct series since 1973. The first series featured relatively simple designs with traditional architectural motifs. A second series launched in the 1990s introduced more elaborate security features and color schemes. The most significant redesign came with the fourth series beginning in 2003, which modernized the aesthetic while maintaining cultural themes. In 2020, Qatar issued a commemorative polymer note to mark various national achievements, representing the country's first departure from traditional paper substrate.

  Qatari banknotes consistently celebrate the nation's heritage and rapid modernization. The **Emir's portrait** appears prominently on most denominations, with the current notes featuring Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Reverse designs typically showcase Qatar's architectural landmarks, including the iconic **Museum of Islamic Art**, traditional dhow boats that recall the pearl-diving heritage, and images of the country's natural gas and petroleum infrastructure that underpin its wealth. Falconry, a cherished cultural tradition, also features on several denominations.

  For collectors starting out, **Pick 30** (the 500 Riyal note from the 2003 series) stands out for its deep maroon color and beautiful rendering of the Museum of Islamic Art. **Pick 34** (the 2020 polymer 5 Riyal commemorative) is essential as Qatar's first polymer note and remains affordable. **Pick 23** (the 100 Riyal from the 1996 series) offers an earlier design aesthetic at reasonable prices. Finally, any note from the **Qatar and Dubai Riyal** period (Picks 1-7) represents fascinating monetary history from the brief union era, though these command higher premiums.

  What makes Qatar particularly interesting for collectors is the relative scarcity of its notes in Western markets compared to other Gulf states, partly due to lower tourist volumes historically. The 2020 polymer issue broke new ground for the region and featured advanced security elements including a transparent window. The country's notes are also notable for their exceptional print quality, produced by premium security printers, and the dramatic architectural photography on recent series creates visually striking designs that showcase Qatar's transformation from pearling economy to modern metropolis.


country: Falkland Is.
generated_at: 2026-05-10 10:36:51.206634
model: claude-sonnet-4-5
overview_md:
  The **Falkland Islands** have issued their own distinct banknotes since 1899, despite being a British Overseas Territory. The currency has always been the **Falkland Islands Pound**, pegged at parity with the British Pound Sterling. The islands experienced no hyperinflation or redenomination, making their notes a stable collecting category with a relatively small but consistent catalog spanning more than a century.

  Early issues from 1899 through the 1970s were printed by Bradbury Wilkinson and featured classic engraved designs with portraits of British monarchs. The modern era began in 1983 with a new series that introduced local wildlife and maritime themes, moving away from purely royal imagery. A second modern series launched in 2011 continues this wildlife focus, with all denominations showcasing penguins, seals, and other fauna native to the South Atlantic. The 2011 series also commemorates the Battle of the Falklands naval engagement from World War I and incorporates enhanced security features including color-shifting ink and raised printing.

  For beginning collectors, **Pick 17** (the 2011 £10 note) is an excellent entry point, featuring a Rockhopper penguin and HMS Glasgow from the 1982 conflict in vibrant blue and orange hues. **Pick 13** (1984 £1) is historically significant as the first of the wildlife series and remains affordable. **Pick 18** (2011 £20) showcases a King penguin alongside HMS Endurance and displays some of the finest printing quality in the series. Collectors interested in earlier material should seek **Pick 8** series notes from the 1960s, which represent the last purely traditional British colonial design before the shift to local themes.

  The **Falkland Islands** notes are particularly appealing to collectors of South Atlantic territories, British Commonwealth currency, or wildlife-themed banknotes. Print runs are extremely limited compared to sovereign nations, making even modern issues relatively scarce in global circulation. The 1982 conflict briefly disrupted note production and created some transitional varieties. Most notes from the 2011 series onwards are polymer substrate, aligning with modern British printing standards while maintaining distinctly Falkland imagery that sets them apart from standard Sterling designs.


# country_catalogues

country: United Kingdom
generated_at: 2026-05-20 22:37:18.328671
model: claude-sonnet-4-5
catalogue_json:
  {"country": "United Kingdom", "currencies": [{"name": "Pound Sterling", "iso_code": "GBP", "period": "1694-present", "series": [{"name": "Treasury Notes (Bradbury)", "issued": "1914-1928", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "348", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "First UK \u00a31 equivalent emergency WWI issue"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "349", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "Bradbury signature, black serial numbers"}]}, {"name": "Treasury Notes (Fisher)", "issued": "1919-1928", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "350", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "Fisher signature replaced Bradbury"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "351", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "Fisher signature, red-brown color"}]}, {"name": "Treasury Notes (Warren Fisher)", "issued": "1923-1928", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "358", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "Last Treasury 10 shilling series"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "359", "main_subject": "Britannia seated with shield", "notable": "Final Treasury pound note design"}]}, {"name": "Bank of England White Notes (Pre-1957)", "issued": "1928-1956", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "362", "main_subject": "Britannia medallion", "notable": "First BoE 10 shilling, replaced Treasury notes"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "363", "main_subject": "Britannia medallion", "notable": "Peppiatt signature, large white note"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "335", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "White fiver, C.P. Mahon signature 1925-1929"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "336", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "B. Catterns signature 1929-1934"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "337", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "K.O. Peppiatt signature 1934-1944"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "336a", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "Large white tenner, rare pre-WWII"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "337a", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "White twenty, extremely rare in circulation"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": "338", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "Largest white note, very rare"}, {"denomination": "100 Pounds", "pick_number": "339", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "White hundred, exceptionally rare"}, {"denomination": "500 Pounds", "pick_number": "340", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "White five hundred, museum pieces only"}, {"denomination": "1000 Pounds", "pick_number": "341", "main_subject": "Ornate text design, no portrait", "notable": "Highest denomination white note"}]}, {"name": "Emergency WWII Issues", "issued": "1940-1948", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "366", "main_subject": "Britannia medallion", "notable": "Metal thread security feature added"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "367", "main_subject": "Britannia medallion", "notable": "Wartime metal thread security"}]}, {"name": "Series A (First Pictorial)", "issued": "1957-1961", "notes": [{"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "371", "main_subject": "Britannia with lion", "notable": "First portrait series, Helmeted Britannia"}]}, {"name": "Series B", "issued": "1957-1963", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "373", "main_subject": "Britannia with lion", "notable": "Last pre-decimal 10 shilling note"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "374", "main_subject": "Britannia with lion", "notable": "Last pre-decimal pound note design"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "375", "main_subject": "Britannia with lion", "notable": "Blue fiver with Britannia"}]}, {"name": "Series C", "issued": "1960-1978", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Shillings", "pick_number": "373", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II portrait", "notable": "First portrait of Queen on circulation note"}, {"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "374", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II portrait", "notable": "O'Brien signature, brown color"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "375", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II portrait, Britannia", "notable": "Large blue note with dual imagery"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "376", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II portrait", "notable": "Brown-orange large format note"}]}, {"name": "Series D (First Pictorial Portraits)", "issued": "1970-1984", "notes": [{"denomination": "1 Pound", "pick_number": "377", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Isaac Newton", "notable": "Last pound note, withdrawn 1988"}, {"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "378", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Duke of Wellington", "notable": "Blue note with Wellington portrait reverse"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "379", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Florence Nightingale", "notable": "Brown note honoring nursing pioneer"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "380", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, William Shakespeare", "notable": "Purple note with Shakespeare portrait"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": "381", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Christopher Wren", "notable": "Green note with architect portrait"}]}, {"name": "Series E (Revised Portraits)", "issued": "1990-2003", "notes": [{"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "382", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, George Stephenson", "notable": "Turquoise note with railway pioneer"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "386", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Charles Dickens", "notable": "Orange-brown note with novelist portrait"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "387", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Michael Faraday", "notable": "Purple note honoring scientist"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": "388", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, John Houblon", "notable": "Red note with first BoE Governor"}]}, {"name": "Series E (Variants)", "issued": "1992-2003", "notes": [{"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "389", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Charles Darwin", "major_subject": "Charles Darwin", "notable": "Replaced Dickens note with naturalist"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "390", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Edward Elgar", "notable": "Purple note with composer portrait"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": "391", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Matthew Boulton & James Watt", "notable": "Red note with industrial pioneers"}]}, {"name": "Series F (Adam Smith)", "issued": "2007-2017", "notes": [{"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "392", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Adam Smith", "notable": "Purple note with economist, pre-polymer"}]}, {"name": "Series G (Polymer)", "issued": "2016-present", "notes": [{"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": "394", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Winston Churchill", "notable": "First UK polymer note, transparent window"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": "395", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Jane Austen", "notable": "Orange polymer with novelist portrait"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": "396", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, J.M.W. Turner", "notable": "Purple polymer with artist portrait"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": "397", "main_subject": "Queen Elizabeth II, Alan Turing", "notable": "Red polymer honoring mathematician and codebreaker"}]}, {"name": "King Charles III Series", "issued": "2024-present", "notes": [{"denomination": "5 Pounds", "pick_number": null, "main_subject": "King Charles III, Winston Churchill", "notable": "First banknote featuring King Charles III portrait"}, {"denomination": "10 Pounds", "pick_number": null, "main_subject": "King Charles III, Jane Austen", "notable": "Polymer note with new monarch portrait"}, {"denomination": "20 Pounds", "pick_number": null, "main_subject": "King Charles III, J.M.W. Turner", "notable": "Purple polymer with Charles III obverse"}, {"denomination": "50 Pounds", "pick_number": null, "main_subject": "King Charles III, Alan Turing", "notable": "Highest denomination with new King portrait"}]}]}]}


# specimens_fts_content

c0:
  Argentina ARS 1 Austral 1985 Banco Central Manuel Belgrano Bala Hissar fortress statesman Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine economist, lawyer, politician and military leader. Prominent in the Argentine War of Independence; creator of the national flag. Depiction of the Cabildo of Buenos Aires, a historic building, which was the seat of government during the colonial period. Austral series, issued from 1985 to 1991, amidst economic instability. Replaced the Peso Argentino during hyperinflation. P-323a es 12345 UNC


c0:
  Afghanistan AFN 1000 SH1370 series 1991 Da Afghanistan Bank Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Durrani in Kandahar with doves architecture,religion,indigenous_culture Paghman Gardens arch in Kabul, a historic recreational site built in the early 20th century northwest of Kabul, featuring a triumphal arch that was a symbol of Afghan modernization during the reign of King Amanullah Khan. The gardens were extensively damaged during the Soviet-Afghan War and subsequent conflicts. The note features ornate geometric Islamic patterns in the corners. The Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1722–1772) in Kandahar, founder of the Durrani Empire and regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. The shrine, built in 1772, is one of Afghanistan's most important religious and historical sites, featuring distinctive blue-tiled domes. White doves are shown flying around the mausoleum, symbolizing peace. The serial number appears in Eastern Arabic numerals at upper right. This note belongs to the SH1370 (Solar Hijri year 1370, corresponding to 1991–1992 CE) series issued by Da Afghanistan Bank during the final years of the Najibullah government and the early period of the Afghan Civil War. The 1000 Afghani denomination was issued to cope with high inflation during this turbulent period. This series was eventually replaced in 2002 with the new Afghani at a rate of 1000 old Afghanis to 1 new Afghani following the fall of the Taliban and establishment of the transitional government. 61c ps,fa,en ۷۴۱۱۶۲۹ XF Note appears to have light circulation wear but retains strong colors and detail.


c0:
  Afghanistan AFN 1 SH1381 series 2002 Da Afghanistan Bank Governor: Anwar ul-Haq Ahady; Minister of Finance: Ashraf Ghani National emblem of Afghanistan architecture,religion Mausoleum of King Habibullah Kalakani (also known as Mausoleum of Bacha-i-Saqao) in Kabul, Afghanistan. This shrine with its distinctive domes represents Islamic architecture and is a historically significant religious structure in Kabul. The mausoleum honors Habibullah Kalakani, who briefly ruled Afghanistan in 1929. The building features characteristic Central Asian Islamic architectural elements including multiple domes, minarets, and ornate details. This note was issued by Da Afghanistan Bank during the transitional period following the fall of the Taliban regime. National emblem of Afghanistan (1992–2004 variant) featuring a mosque with mihrab and minbar at center, flanked by wheat sheaves, with the national motto inscribed above in Persian script. The emblem includes the takbir 'Allahu Akbar' (God is Great) and the hijri year 1298 (1919 CE, marking Afghan independence). This version of the emblem was used during the Islamic State of Afghanistan period. The design incorporates geometric patterns characteristic of Islamic decorative art. This 1 Afghani note belongs to the SH1381 (2002 CE) series issued by Da Afghanistan Bank following the establishment of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. The solar hijri year 1381 corresponds to 2002–2003 CE. This series represented the restoration of the pre-Taliban currency system and was part of Afghanistan's monetary stabilization efforts under international assistance. The series was short-lived, as a currency reform in 2002 (effective 2003) introduced the New Afghani at a rate of 1 New Afghani = 1000 old Afghanis. These notes circulated during a critical transitional period in Afghan history. 64 ps,fa,en 9567497 UNC


c0:
  Afghanistan AFN 1 Afghani 1990 Government Issue Da Afghanistan Bank Mazar-e-Sharif Blue Mosque architecture,religion The Shrine of Hazrat Ali (Blue Mosque) in Mazar-e-Sharif, northern Afghanistan. This mosque is one of the holiest sites in Afghanistan, believed by some to be the burial place of Ali ibn Abi Talib, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. The shrine complex features distinctive blue-tiled domes and minarets and has been a pilgrimage site for centuries, representing the country's rich Islamic heritage and architectural tradition. The depiction shows the mosque's iconic skyline with multiple domes and white doves symbolizing peace. The Afghan national emblem (coat of arms) showing a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, encircled by sheaves of wheat, with the date 1369 (1990 CE in the Solar Hijri calendar). The emblem represents Afghanistan's Islamic identity and agricultural heritage. The circular emblem on the right contains text in Dari Persian and Pashto, the two official languages of Afghanistan, affirming the nation's sovereignty and Islamic character. This note belongs to the 1990 Government Issue series of Afghanistan, produced during the final years of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and continuing through the early years of the Islamic State. The series was issued during a period of civil war following Soviet withdrawal in 1989. The 1 Afghani denomination was the lowest value note of this series. These notes were replaced in 2002 when the new Afghan government introduced the New Afghani at a rate of 1 New Afghani = 1,000 old Afghanis following decades of inflation and instability. The note's design emphasizes Afghanistan's Islamic heritage through its depiction of the Blue Mosque, one of the country's most revered religious sites. 55 ps,fa 199.68 UNC Crisp uncirculated note with strong colors and sharp edges


c0:
  Albania Albanian lek 1 lek Socialist Republic series 1976 Bank of the State of Albania Rozafa Castle, Shkodër agriculture,statesman,architecture,military An idealized depiction of Albanian workers or farmers—a man pointing forward and a woman with wheat sheaves—representing socialist labor and agriculture. This imagery was characteristic of Albania's communist-era banknotes under the leadership of Enver Hoxha, symbolizing the collectivization of agriculture and the industrious spirit promoted by the socialist state. Rozafa Castle (Kalaja e Rozafës) in Shkodër, one of Albania's most important and oldest fortifications, dating to antiquity with significant Illyrian, Venetian, and Ottoman additions. The castle sits on a rocky hill at the confluence of three rivers and has been a strategic military site throughout Albanian history; it is named after the legendary figure Rozafa from Albanian folklore. This 1 lek note belongs to the Socialist Republic of Albania series issued from 1976 during the communist regime under Enver Hoxha. The series reflected socialist ideology with depictions of workers, agricultural themes, and national landmarks. These notes were demonetized in 1992 following the fall of communism and the transition to democracy, when Albania introduced a new lek currency to stabilize the economy during the post-communist transformation. P-40a sq HH 266186 UNC


c0:
  Angola Kwanza 5 Kwanza Reajustado series 2012 Banco Nacional de Angola Governor: José de Lima Massano Giesecke+Devrient José Eduardo dos Santos Ruacana Falls statesman,wildlife,architecture José Eduardo dos Santos (1942–2022), President of Angola from 1979 to 2017 and leader of the MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola). He led the country through most of its post-independence history, overseeing the transition from civil war to peace and from socialist to market economy. The front also features an image of workers ascending or working on what appears to be industrial infrastructure, likely representing Angola's oil and industrial development that occurred during his presidency. Ruacana Falls on the Kunene River, located on the border between Angola and Namibia. These waterfalls are approximately 120 meters high and are an important natural landmark in southern Angola. The falls are also the site of the Ruacana hydroelectric power station, which provides electricity to both Angola and Namibia, making this depiction representative of Angola's natural resources and energy infrastructure development. This note belongs to the Kwanza Reajustado series introduced in 2012, part of Angola's continued currency stabilization following decades of civil war and hyperinflation. The 2012 polymer series replaced earlier paper notes with more durable and secure polymer banknotes. The series features President José Eduardo dos Santos on multiple denominations, reflecting his long tenure as head of state. The date 'OUTUBRO 2012' (October 2012) marks the official issue date of this series. The note's imagery emphasizes both industrial development and natural resources, key themes of Angola's post-war reconstruction and economic growth driven largely by oil revenues. 151A pt YA 5481520 UNC


c0:
  Antarctica Antarctica Dollar 2 Commemorative Issue Antarctica Overseas Exchange Office Ltd. Comptroller: D. John Hamilton British American Banknote Co. Gentoo penguins Mount Erebus wildlife,commemorative Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in their natural Antarctic habitat against a rocky outcrop at sunset. These medium-sized penguins are among the most common Antarctic species, known for their distinctive white stripe across the crown and bright orange-red bill. The note is dated November 28, 1999, and issued by Antarctica Overseas Exchange Office Ltd., a private entity that produced fantasy banknotes for collectors and Antarctic tourism. Mount Erebus, the southernmost active volcano on Earth, located on Ross Island in Antarctica at 3,794 meters elevation. The note commemorates the 'Tragedy of 901' — the crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 on November 28, 1979, which killed all 257 people aboard when the aircraft flew into the slopes of Mount Erebus during a sightseeing flight. The back displays horizontal bands in blue, gray, and gold, with the Southern Cross constellation and New Zealand flag visible. The date 28.11.1979 marks the anniversary of the disaster. This is a fantasy or private commemorative issue produced by Antarctica Overseas Exchange Office Ltd., not legal tender of any recognized government. Antarctica has no official currency or monetary authority, being governed by the Antarctic Treaty System. Such privately-issued 'Antarctica Dollars' were produced from the 1990s onwards as collectibles and souvenirs, often sold to tourists visiting Antarctic research stations or aboard expedition cruise ships. This particular note commemorates one of New Zealand's worst peacetime disasters, the Mount Erebus crash of 1979, which occurred exactly 20 years before the note's nominal issue date. Printed by British American Banknote Co., these notes have no purchasing power but serve as commemorative pieces related to Antarctic history and exploration. en M3083 UNC


c0:
  Argentina ARA 1 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Allegorical figure of Liberty with Argentine flag and national symbols statesman,agriculture,indigenous_culture The 1 Austral note features stylized indigenous Argentine motifs including geometric patterns and a schematic representation of traditional textile designs. The front displays an armadillo (quirquincho) at right, an animal native to Argentina and symbolic of the country's fauna. The denomination 'Un Austral' appears prominently, with the issuer 'BANCO CENTRAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA' printed vertically at left. Allegorical female figure representing Liberty, seated and holding a staff with the Phrygian cap, surrounded by laurel branches and the Argentine flag. This classical republican iconography has been used on Argentine currency since the 19th century. The Argentine coat of arms appears at lower left, with agricultural elements (wheat sheaves) representing Argentina's agricultural wealth. The text 'REPUBLICA ARGENTINA' appears vertically at right. The Austral was introduced on June 15, 1985, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos, as part of the Austral Plan to combat hyperinflation under President Raúl Alfonsín. The currency was named after the geographical term for 'southern' (austral). Despite initial stabilization efforts, Argentina experienced renewed hyperinflation in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Austral was replaced by the Peso Convertible (also called simply Peso) on January 1, 1992, at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes. The 1 Austral note was the lowest denomination of this series and featured a design emphasizing Argentina's indigenous heritage and republican traditions. 323 es 90.360.722 B VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creases and wear, but all design elements remain clear and intact.


c0:
  Argentina ARA 5 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Allegorical figure of Liberty statesman,commemorative The front features an abstract geometric design incorporating stylized elements representing progress and modernity, typical of the Austral currency series introduced in 1985 to combat hyperinflation. The denomination '5' appears prominently at right with 'Cinco Australes' text, accompanied by guilloche patterns and security features. The Austral was Argentina's currency from 1985 to 1991, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos. The reverse depicts an allegorical female figure representing Liberty (La Libertad), a classical personification commonly used on Argentine currency since the late 19th century. She is shown in flowing robes holding a torch and liberty cap, surrounded by laurel branches and decorative elements symbolizing freedom and national sovereignty. This iconography connects the Austral series to Argentina's numismatic traditions while the denomination 'Cinco Australes' appears at center right. The Austral currency series was introduced by the Alfonsín administration in June 1985 as part of the Austral Plan to stabilize Argentina's economy during severe hyperinflation. The 5 Australes note (Pick 324) was among the initial denominations issued. The currency ultimately failed to control inflation, and by 1991 inflation had reached extreme levels again. The Austral was replaced by the Peso Convertible in January 1992 at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes, under President Menem's Convertibility Plan. 324 es 89.349.722A F Visible creasing and wear, some soiling, edges show handling


c0:
  Argentina ARA 10 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Manuel Belgrano Allegorical figure representing the Republic statesman,military,indigenous_culture Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine economist, lawyer, politician and military leader who created the flag of Argentina and led the Army of the North during the wars of independence against Spain. He is one of the most revered figures of Argentine history and appears on numerous banknote series. The 10 Australes note was part of the currency introduced in 1985 to combat hyperinflation during the period when Argentina replaced the Peso Argentino. Allegorical female figure representing the Argentine Republic, depicted in classical style with Phrygian cap, holding a staff and shield with the national coat of arms. The figure is surrounded by laurel branches and agricultural motifs, symbolizing liberty, sovereignty, and national prosperity. This allegorical representation was commonly used on Argentine currency during the late 19th and throughout the 20th century. The Austral was introduced on June 15, 1985, as part of the Austral Plan to combat hyperinflation, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos. The currency was named after the Spanish word for 'southern.' Despite initial success, hyperinflation returned in the late 1980s, and the Austral was replaced by the Peso Convertible in 1992 at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes. The P-325 series featuring Belgrano was issued throughout the Austral period and is among the most common surviving notes from this turbulent economic era. P-325 es 45.366.911B VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creasing and some surface wear, but retains good color and detail


c0:
  Argentina ARA 10 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente; Gerente General Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Santiago Derqui Allegory of Progress and Liberty statesman Santiago Derqui (1809–1867), the sixth President of Argentina who served from 1860 to 1861 during the critical period of national unification. A lawyer and politician from Córdoba, Derqui played a significant role in Argentine constitutional history, presiding over the country during the transition from the Argentine Confederation to the unified Argentine Republic. His presidency was marked by the conflict between Buenos Aires and the Confederation, culminating in the Battle of Pavón. The note features his name inscribed vertically at right. Allegorical female figure representing Progress or Liberty, seated and holding aloft a torch or sun symbol, surrounded by laurel branches and the Argentine coat of arms featuring the Sun of May. This classical allegorical imagery reflects 19th-century republican iconography common to Argentine state symbolism. The inscription 'CASA DE MONEDA' confirms domestic printing. The Austral series was introduced on June 15, 1985, replacing the peso argentino at a rate of 1 austral = 1,000 pesos argentinos, as part of the Austral Plan economic reforms under President Raúl Alfonsín to combat hyperinflation. The currency initially stabilized prices but ultimately succumbed to renewed hyperinflation by 1989–1991. The austral was replaced by the peso convertible on January 1, 1992, at a rate of 10,000 australes = 1 peso. This 10 australes note is among the lower denominations of the series, which eventually required notes up to 500,000 australes. P-325 es 06.169.722C VF Light circulation wear, minor soiling at edges, some handling marks visible, paper remains crisp with good color retention


c0:
  Argentina Austral 10 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Manuel Belgrano Allegorical figure of Liberty statesman,military,indigenous_culture Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine economist, lawyer, politician and military leader who created the flag of Argentina and led the Army of the North during the wars of independence against Spain. He is one of Argentina's most revered founding fathers, honored on multiple currency issues for his role in establishing the nation's independence and national symbols. The design includes guilloche patterns and the denomination '10' with 'Diez Australes' in a decorative panel. Allegorical female figure representing Liberty or the Argentine Republic, depicted in classical style with flowing robes and surrounded by agricultural and industrial symbols including wheat sheaves and industrial implements. This allegorical representation was common on Argentine banknotes of the period, symbolizing the nation's progress, abundance, and republican values. The denomination '10' and 'Diez Australes' appear prominently in the design. The Austral was introduced on June 15, 1985, by President Raúl Alfonsín's government as part of the Austral Plan to combat hyperinflation, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos. The currency was named after the Spanish word for 'southern' and used the symbol ₳. Despite initial success, hyperinflation resumed by 1989, reaching over 3,000% annually. The Austral was replaced by the Peso Convertible (current Argentine Peso) in 1992 at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes. This 10 Australes note is part of the original series issued by Casa de Moneda and represents a brief but significant period in Argentine monetary history. P-325 es 14614485C F Note shows circulation wear, creasing, and some soiling consistent with used condition


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  Argentina ARA 50 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Allegorical figure of Progress statesman,writer,indigenous_culture Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888), Argentine educator, author, journalist, and President of Argentina (1868–1874). Known as the 'Father of Education' in Argentina, he championed public education and modernization; his most famous work 'Facundo' analyzed Argentine society and politics. The front also features indigenous motifs and the denomination '50 Australes'. Allegorical female figure representing Progress or Liberty, seated and holding a torch, with a winged shield bearing the Argentine coat of arms at her feet. This neoclassical allegory symbolizes Argentina's aspirations for advancement and enlightenment during the nation-building era of the 19th century. The Austral was introduced on 15 June 1985 to replace the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos, as part of the 'Plan Austral' economic stabilization program during Raúl Alfonsín's presidency. The currency was designed to combat hyperinflation but ultimately failed, with inflation reaching 5,000% by 1989. The Austral was demonetized in 1992 and replaced by the Peso Convertible at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes. This 50 Australes note was part of the original series issued from 1985–1991. 326 es 63.994.456 A VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creases and some edge wear, but retains overall integrity


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  Argentina ARA 50 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente; Gerente General Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Bartolomé Mitre Allegory of Liberty with Argentine coat of arms statesman,military Bartolomé Mitre (1821–1906), Argentine statesman, military leader, author, and the first constitutional president of unified Argentina (1862–1868). He founded the influential newspaper La Nación in 1870 and played a crucial role in organizing the modern Argentine state. His portrait appears with his name inscribed above. The Austral symbol (₳) appears at left with the denomination. Allegorical figure of Liberty seated, holding the Phrygian cap on a staff, with the Argentine national coat of arms at her feet featuring the handshake symbolizing fraternity, the Phrygian cap of liberty, and laurel branches. This classical representation embodies the republican ideals of the Argentine nation. Printed by Casa de Moneda as indicated at lower left. The Austral was introduced on June 15, 1985, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos as part of the Austral Plan to combat hyperinflation. Despite initial success, hyperinflation returned and the Austral was itself replaced by the Peso Convertible in 1992 at 10,000 Australes = 1 Peso. This 50 Australes note represents a relatively low denomination from a period of severe monetary instability in Argentina. P-326 es 34.270.122 A AU Light handling marks and minor fold lines visible, otherwise crisp with good color retention


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  Argentina ARA 100 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente: signature visible; Gerente General: signature visible Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Julio Argentino Roca Allegory of Progress statesman,military,commemorative Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914), Argentine military officer and two-term president (1880–1886, 1898–1904) who led the Conquest of the Desert campaign expanding Argentine territory into Patagonia and was a dominant figure in the Generation of '80 that modernized Argentina. He appears on this note as part of the Austral currency series introduced during economic reforms to combat hyperinflation in the mid-1980s. Allegory of Progress, depicted as a classical female figure holding a torch aloft and a caduceus (symbol of commerce), seated with the Argentine coat of arms. This allegorical representation symbolizes Argentina's aspirations for economic advancement and national development during a period of severe monetary instability. The Austral was introduced on June 15, 1985, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos during the Alfonsín administration's Plan Austral anti-inflation program. The currency was named after the southern hemisphere (austral meaning 'southern'). Despite initial success, hyperinflation returned by 1989, and the Austral was replaced by the Peso Convertible in 1992 at 1 peso = 10,000 australes. The 100 Australes denomination was issued throughout the series' brief existence and became increasingly devalued as inflation accelerated. This series featured prominent Argentine historical figures and allegorical imagery representing national ideals. P-327 es 16.120.722 D VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creasing and minor edge wear, typical handling marks present


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  Argentina ARP 1000 Peso Argentino series Banco Central de la República Argentina Gerente General: [illegible]; Presidente: [illegible] Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina José de San Martín Casa Rosada military,statesman,architecture General José de San Martín (1778–1850), Argentine general and primary leader of the southern part of South America's wars of independence from Spain. He led the liberation armies across the Andes to Chile and Peru, is regarded as Argentina's national hero, and appears on multiple Argentine currency series. The note bears his title 'Gral SAN MARTIN' and shows him in military dress. Casa Rosada (the Pink House), the executive mansion and office of the President of Argentina, located in Buenos Aires at Plaza de Mayo. The building has served as the seat of government since 1862 and is one of the most iconic political landmarks in Argentina. The view shows the building's neoclassical Italian Renaissance facade with the Argentine flag flying above. This 1,000 peso note belongs to the Peso Argentino series issued from 1983 to 1985 during a period of severe hyperinflation. The Peso Argentino replaced the Peso Ley 18.188 at a rate of 10,000:1 in June 1983. Due to continued inflation reaching over 1,000% annually, the Peso Argentino was replaced by the Austral on June 14, 1985 at a rate of 1,000:1. The series is characterized by portraits of national heroes and landmarks, printed by Casa de Moneda. P-317 es 50.304.786 H XF Note shows light handling with minor corner wear and a center fold. Colors remain vibrant with good detail in the intaglio printing.


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  Argentina ARS 1000 Peso Ley 18.188 Banco Central de la República Argentina Gerente General; Presidente Casa de Moneda de la Nación José de San Martín Plaza de Mayo and Casa Rosada, Buenos Aires military,statesman,architecture General José de San Martín (1778–1850), the principal leader of the southern and central parts of South America's struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire. Known as the 'Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru,' San Martín is revered as a national hero and the father of the Argentine nation. He led the famous crossing of the Andes and is among the most depicted figures on Argentine currency. The note identifies him as 'Gral. SAN MARTIN.' Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, Argentina's most important public square, with the Casa Rosada (Pink House) presidential palace visible in the background. The Pirámide de Mayo monument, erected in 1811 to commemorate the first anniversary of the May Revolution, stands prominently in the center. The plaza has been the focal point of Argentine political life since the May Revolution of 1810. The Argentine coat of arms appears at left featuring the Sun of May and clasped hands. This 1000 Peso Ley note was issued under Law 18.188 which established the Peso Ley currency system in 1970, replacing the Peso Moneda Nacional at a rate of 100 to 1. The series circulated during a turbulent period in Argentine history including military governments and the beginning of severe inflation. The Peso Ley was itself replaced by the Peso Argentino in 1983 at a rate of 10,000 to 1, reflecting the hyperinflationary pressures of the era. Printed by Casa de Moneda de la Nación as indicated on the reverse. P-304 es 77.703.722 I AU Minor handling marks, slight edge wear, overall crisp with good color retention


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  Argentina ARS 10 Peso Convertible series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente B.C.R.A.; Presidente B.C. Diputados Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Manuel Belgrano Creation of the Argentine Flag scene statesman,military,commemorative Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine economist, lawyer, politician and military leader who created the flag of Argentina in 1812 and led the Army of the North during the wars of independence. He is among the most honoured figures in Argentine history for his role in securing independence from Spain. The design includes native flora and a small figure of a revolutionary soldier with a drum at right. Text reads 'MANUEL BELGRANO BUENOS AIRES 1770-1820' and describes him as the hero of multiple battles including those in defense of the Patria. Scene depicting the creation of the Argentine flag by Manuel Belgrano on February 27, 1812, on the banks of the Paraná River near Rosario. Shows soldiers raising the blue and white flag with Belgrano on horseback. The inscription 'CREACIÓN DE LA BANDERA' commemorates this founding moment of Argentine national identity. Text includes a quote from Juana Azurduy, heroine of independence: 'Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores, y la América del Sud será el templo de la Independencia, de la unión y de la libertad. En fe de que así lo juráis, decid conmigo... Viva la Patria.' This note belongs to the Peso Convertible series introduced in 1992 to replace the Austral at a rate of 10,000 australes to 1 peso convertible, during the Convertibility Plan that pegged the peso 1:1 to the US dollar. The 10 peso denomination honours Manuel Belgrano, one of Argentina's founding fathers, and specifically commemorates his creation of the national flag in 1812. This series remained in circulation through the 2001–2002 economic crisis and subsequent devaluation. The design was produced by Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina and features enhanced security elements including watermarks, security thread, and intaglio printing. 354 es 03045595B XF Note appears crisp with minor handling wear, no significant folds or tears visible


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  Argentina Austral 1000 Austral series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente: [illegible]; Gerente General: [illegible] Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Julio Argentino Roca Allegory of Liberty/Progress statesman,mythology The front features the denomination '1000 Mil Australes' prominently displayed with the issuer's name 'BANCO CENTRAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA' vertically aligned. The design includes intricate guilloche patterns in burgundy and brown tones forming the main security background. Two signatures appear with titles 'PRESIDENTE' and 'GERENTE GENERAL'. The Austral currency was introduced in June 1985 to combat hyperinflation, replacing the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos, but itself succumbed to hyperinflation by the early 1990s. Allegory of Liberty or Progress, a classical female figure in flowing robes with Phrygian cap, seated with agricultural and industrial symbols including wheat sheaves and a cornucopia, representing Argentina's wealth and productive capacity. This allegorical representation has appeared on various Argentine currency issues throughout history, symbolizing the nation's aspirations for freedom, prosperity, and advancement. The figure is rendered in detailed intaglio engraving against elaborate geometric security patterns. The Austral series was introduced on June 15, 1985, as part of the Austral Plan (Plan Austral) designed by Economy Minister Juan Vital Sourrouille under President Raúl Alfonsín to combat Argentina's severe hyperinflation. The Austral replaced the Peso Argentino at a rate of 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos. Initially successful in stabilizing prices, the currency ultimately failed as hyperinflation resumed in 1989-1990. The Austral was demonetized in 1992 when the Peso Convertible was introduced at a rate of 1 Peso = 10,000 Australes. The 1,000 Australes note was one of the higher denominations issued as inflation escalated. Designs featured allegorical figures rather than historical portraits, a departure from earlier Argentine currency traditions. 329 es 99.040.913 B VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creases, minor edge wear, and some surface soiling. Colors remain relatively bright.


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  Argentina ARS 10 Pesos Peso Convertible series Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente B.C.R.A.; Presidente H.C. Diputados Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Manuel Belgrano Monumento a la Bandera, Rosario statesman,military,architecture Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine economist, lawyer, politician and military leader who created the flag of Argentina in 1812 and led the Army of the North during the wars of independence. He is among the most revered figures in Argentine history, honored for his role in securing independence from Spain and his contributions to national identity. The note features his portrait at right with handwritten text in the background and the Argentine flag motif. Monumento a la Bandera (Monument to the Flag) in Rosario, Santa Fe province, inaugurated in 1957 at the site where Manuel Belgrano first raised the Argentine flag on February 27, 1812. The monument complex includes a 70-meter tower, the Propilaeum of Argentine Fatherland, and the Triumphal Gallery of the Flags of America. The depicted scene shows the monument's distinctive architecture with the Argentine flag and eternal flame, symbolizing national sovereignty and Belgrano's legacy as creator of the national banner. Part of the Peso Convertible series introduced in 1992 following the Convertibility Plan that pegged the Argentine peso 1:1 to the US dollar, ending the hyperinflation of the 1980s and early 1990s. The 10 peso denomination featuring Manuel Belgrano was issued in various signature combinations throughout the 1990s and 2000s. This design was progressively replaced by polymer notes starting in 2016-2018 as Argentina modernized its currency with enhanced security features. The series represents a period of relative monetary stability before economic challenges returned in subsequent decades. 354 es 32808943Q VF Note shows signs of circulation with visible creasing and general wear consistent with VF grade


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  Argentina ARS 20 Native Animals series 2017 Banco Central de la República Argentina Presidente B.C.R.A.; Presidente H.C. Senadores Casa de Moneda de la Nación Argentina Patagonian steppe landscape with guanaco wildlife,indigenous_culture The guanaco (Lama guanicoe), a wild South American camelid native to Patagonia and the Andean regions. The guanaco is the ancestor of the domesticated llama and represents Argentina's native wildlife. It is one of the largest wild mammals in South America and plays a significant role in Patagonian ecosystems. Blue anémona patagónica (Patagonian anemone) flowers appear at left, native to southern Argentina. Patagonian steppe landscape showing the characteristic terrain of southern Argentina with mountains, sparse vegetation, and a guanaco in its natural habitat. The scene depicts the vast semi-arid grasslands of Argentine Patagonia. A map of continental Argentina appears at right with the national motto 'en unión y libertad' (in union and liberty). The Argentine coat of arms is displayed, featuring the Sun of May and clasped hands holding a liberty pole. Part of Argentina's Native Animals series introduced in 2016, which replaced historical figures with native fauna on banknotes. This design shift represented a move to celebrate Argentina's natural heritage and biodiversity. The 20 peso denomination featuring the guanaco was first issued in 2017. The series includes other denominations featuring native animals such as the Andean condor, taruca, hornero, jaguar, and Southern right whale. P-361 es 51568455A UNC Crisp note with sharp corners and no visible wear or folds


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  Armenia AMD 50 Third dram series 1998 Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia Chairman: Tigran Sargsyan Aram Khachaturian Armenian folk dancers with Mount Ararat artist,indigenous_culture,architecture Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978), Soviet-Armenian composer and conductor renowned for his ballets Gayane (featuring the Sabre Dance) and Spartacus. One of the most prominent composers of the Soviet era, his works incorporated Armenian folk music traditions and he remains a cultural icon of Armenia. The note also depicts the Armenian Opera and Ballet Theatre in Yerevan, where many of his works premiered. Armenian folk dancers performing a traditional dance with Mount Ararat visible in the background. Mount Ararat, though now in Turkey, holds profound symbolic significance for Armenians as the national symbol and legendary resting place of Noah's Ark. The dancers represent Armenia's rich folk heritage and performing arts tradition, which Khachaturian championed in his compositions. Third dram series issued by the Central Bank of Armenia in 1998, part of the modernization of Armenian currency following independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The dram was introduced in 1993, replacing the Soviet ruble. This series honoured Armenian cultural figures and landmarks. The 50 dram note featuring Khachaturian was issued 1998 and withdrawn from circulation around 2001, replaced by a coin of the same denomination. This series marked Armenia's efforts to establish a stable national currency and celebrate its cultural heritage. 41 hy,en ա05368715 XF Light handling evident, minor edge wear, overall well-preserved with clear printing and colors


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  Armenia AMD 2 Third dram series 2004 Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia Chairman: Tigran Sargsyan Giesecke+Devrient Mesrop Mashtots Armenian alphabet and scribes religion,writer,indigenous_culture,statesman Mesrop Mashtots (c. 362–440), Armenian linguist, theologian and ecclesiastical leader who invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 CE. He is shown standing in religious vestments with the Echmiadzin Cathedral in the background, Armenia's mother church and his burial place. Mashtots is revered as one of the most important figures in Armenian history for giving the Armenian people their unique script and enabling the preservation of their language and Christian identity. The national coat of arms appears at left. Scene depicting the teaching and transmission of the Armenian alphabet. Two figures, likely representing Mesrop Mashtots instructing a student in the newly created Armenian script, are shown before a stone cross (khachkar). This commemorates Mashtots's role not only as creator of the alphabet but as educator and missionary who established schools throughout Armenia to teach reading and writing. The scene symbolizes the preservation of Armenian language, culture, and Christian faith through literacy. This note is part of Armenia's third dram series, issued following the country's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and the introduction of the dram in 1993. The 1998–2018 series featured Armenian cultural and religious figures. The 2 dram denomination was a low-value note that circulated widely but was eventually superseded by coins. Mesrop Mashtots appears on multiple denominations in Armenian currency history, reflecting his foundational importance to Armenian national identity. The note was printed by Giesecke+Devrient of Germany and includes security features standard for the period. P-52 hy 00374615 UNC


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  Austria ATS 20 1986–1997 Issue 1986 Austrian National Bank Präsident; Generalrat; Generaldirektor Oesterreichische Nationalbank Moritz Michael Daffinger Albertina Museum artist,architecture Moritz Michael Daffinger (1790–1849), renowned Austrian miniature painter and watercolorist of the Biedermeier period. He was celebrated for his exquisite portrait miniatures and became one of the most sought-after portraitists of Viennese high society. The portrait is based on his self-portrait. The Austrian federal eagle appears at upper left, with elaborate guilloche patterns incorporating a stylized peacock feather motif. The Albertina Museum in Vienna, one of the world's greatest art collections housing over one million prints and 65,000 drawings including works by Dürer, Rembrandt, and Klimt. Founded in 1776 by Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, the museum is housed in the former Taroucca Palace on the Augustinerbastei. The equestrian statue of Archduke Albrecht is visible in front of the building. This 20 Schilling note was part of the final Austrian Schilling series before the country's adoption of the Euro in 2002. The series emphasized Austrian cultural achievements, featuring prominent artists and cultural institutions. Daffinger was chosen to represent Austria's rich artistic heritage, particularly the Biedermeier era's contribution to European art. The Schilling served as Austria's currency from 1925–1938 and again from 1945–2002, interrupted only by the Nazi Reichsmark during the Anschluss period. P-148 de B 685480 F VF Light circulation wear, minor folds, overall intact with clear details


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  Austria ATS 20 1986 series 1986 Oesterreichische Nationalbank Präsident; Generalrat; Generaldirektor Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Moritz Michael Daffinger Albertina Museum artist,architecture Moritz Michael Daffinger (1790–1849), Austrian painter renowned as the foremost miniaturist of the Biedermeier period. He specialized in portrait miniatures on ivory and is celebrated for his delicate watercolor technique and depictions of Viennese society; his works are held in major collections including the Albertina. The note includes the inscription 'WIEN AM 1. OKTOBER 1986' indicating the date of issuance authorization. The Albertina Museum in Vienna, one of the world's most important collections of graphic art. Housed in a former Habsburg palace, the Albertina contains over one million Old Master prints and 60,000 drawings, including works by Dürer, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Klimt. The building features the equestrian monument to Archduke Albrecht, visible on the left of the depicted view. This note belongs to the 1986 series of Austrian schilling banknotes, issued by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank and in circulation from 1986 until Austria's adoption of the euro on 1 January 2002. The Austrian schilling (ATS) served as Austria's currency from 1925 to 2002 (with an interruption 1938–1945). These notes were demonetized on 28 February 2002, though they can still be exchanged at the Austrian National Bank indefinitely. The 20-schilling denomination honored Moritz Daffinger, reflecting Austria's cultural heritage and prominence in the arts during the Biedermeier era. P-148 de Q6417749E VF Note shows circulation wear with moderate creasing and fold marks visible, particularly in center. Colors remain good with no major tears or stains.


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  Austria ATS 20 1966–1997 series 1986 Oesterreichische Nationalbank Präsident: [illegible]; Generaldirektor: [illegible] Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Moritz Michael Daffinger Albertina Museum artist,architecture Moritz Michael Daffinger (1790–1849), Austrian miniature painter and watercolorist renowned for his portrait miniatures and flower paintings. He was one of the most celebrated miniaturists of the Biedermeier period and is considered a master of Austrian miniature art. The note honors his contribution to Austrian cultural heritage and the visual arts, featuring an ornamental guilloche rosette with rainbow printing as a prominent security element. The Albertina Museum in Vienna, one of the world's largest and most important collections of prints, drawings, and graphic art. Housed in the former Habsburg palace on Albertinaplatz, the museum was founded by Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen in the late 18th century and contains over one million works including masterpieces by Dürer, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Klimt. The inscription 'ALBERTINA' appears below the building. This note is part of the 1966–1997 series of Austrian schilling banknotes issued by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. The series featured prominent Austrian cultural and scientific figures. The 20-schilling denomination with Moritz Daffinger was introduced in 1967 and continued in circulation until Austria adopted the euro on January 1, 2002. Austrian schilling notes could be exchanged for euros until February 28, 2002, after which they were demonetized. This particular printing is dated October 1, 1986 ('WIEN AM 1. OKTOBER 1986'). The series is notable for its fine engraving work and use of rainbow printing in the guilloche patterns. P-148 de Q261111B F Note shows significant circulation with multiple folds, creases, and general wear. Some soiling visible. Still intact with no tears or missing pieces.


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  Austria Schilling 50 Third series 1970 Oesterreichische Nationalbank Präsident: [illegible]; Generaldirektor: [illegible] Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Ferdinand Raimund Burgtheater Vienna writer,architecture Ferdinand Raimund (1790–1836), Austrian actor and playwright who created the Viennese poetic comedy genre known as Zauberposse. He was one of the most prominent figures of the Biedermeier period in Viennese theatre, known for works such as 'Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind' and 'Der Verschwender'. His legacy in Austrian theatrical tradition led to his commemoration on this banknote. The Austrian eagle coat of arms appears at left, with the date 'WIEN AM 2. JÄNNER 1970' and signatures of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank president and general director. The Burgtheater in Vienna, one of the most important German-language theatres in the world and the Austrian National Theatre. Originally founded in 1741, the current neo-baroque building on the Ringstrasse was designed by Gottfried Semper and Carl Freiherr von Hasenauer, opening in 1888. The theatre is closely associated with Ferdinand Raimund, who performed there during the early 19th century and whose plays remain part of the Austrian theatrical canon. Third series of Austrian Schilling notes issued 1966–1983 by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank following the Second Republic's currency stabilization. This 50 Schilling note was issued on January 2, 1970, during a period of economic growth in Austria. The series featured prominent Austrian cultural figures, with Raimund representing the nation's theatrical heritage. The Schilling remained Austria's currency until euro adoption on January 1, 2002, with Schilling notes demonetized on February 28, 2002. This series was printed domestically and featured traditional intaglio printing with sophisticated security measures typical of mid-20th century European banknotes. P-139 de D344344E XF Note appears to have light circulation with minor handling marks but retains good detail and color; minor edge wear visible


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  Austria Schilling 20 Second Schilling series 1967 Oesterreichische Nationalbank Präsident: (illegible); Generalrat: (illegible); Generaldirektor: (illegible) Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Carl Ritter von Ghega Semmering Railway with Kalte Rinne Viaduct statesman,architecture,transport Carl Ritter von Ghega (1802–1860), Austrian engineer of Albanian-Venetian descent who designed and built the Semmering Railway, the world's first true mountain railway and a pioneering engineering achievement. He is honoured on this note alongside imagery of his masterwork. The inscription reads 'CARL RITTER V. GHEGA 1802-1860'. The date 'WIEN AM 2. JULI 1967' indicates this note was issued in Vienna on July 2, 1967. The Semmering Railway crossing the Alps, specifically showing the Kalte Rinne Viaduct, one of the many spectacular engineering structures on the 41-kilometre railway line between Gloggnitz and Mürzzuschlag. Completed in 1854, the Semmering Railway was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track and featured 16 viaducts, 15 tunnels, and over 100 stone bridges. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 for its innovative engineering and integration with the mountainous landscape. The inscription 'SEMMERING' identifies the location. This note belongs to the Second Schilling series issued by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank from 1956 to 1983, following the reintroduction of the Austrian Schilling in 1945 after World War II. The series featured notable Austrian cultural and scientific figures. The 20 Schilling note honouring Carl von Ghega was issued from 1967 to 1983. The Austrian Schilling was replaced by the Euro on January 1, 1999 (for accounting purposes) and February 28, 2002 (for cash), when Schilling banknotes and coins were demonetized. 142 de K580382J F Note shows moderate circulation with visible fold marks, some staining and discoloration at center, and general wear consistent with Fine grade.


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  Austria Schilling 1 Allied Military Schilling 1944 Allied Military Authority in Austria United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing military Allied Military Schilling occupation currency issued for use in Austria following World War II liberation. The note bears the text 'ALLIIERTE MILITÄRBEHÖRDE' (Allied Military Authority) and 'IN OESTERREICH AUSGEGEBEN' (Issued in Austria), indicating its status as military occupation currency. The denomination '1 SCHILLING' is prominently displayed with decorative laurel branches flanking the central numeral. This series was printed by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing in 1944 in preparation for the Allied occupation of Austria and was used alongside occupation marks in the immediate post-war period before Austria's currency sovereignty was restored. Geometric guilloche patterns with three rosettes containing the denomination '1 SCHILLING'. The central rosette is larger and features intricate anti-counterfeiting line work typical of American banknote printing of the period. The design is purely decorative with security features integrated into the guilloché work, containing no portraits, buildings, or symbolic imagery beyond the denomination markers. The Allied Military Schilling (Alliierte Militärbehörde series) was issued in 1944 for circulation in Austria following its liberation from Nazi Germany. These notes were printed in the United States in several denominations and were introduced in 1945 as Austria transitioned from the German Reichsmark. The military currency circulated until 1947, when the restored Austrian government introduced the Second Republic Schilling. The 1 Schilling note of this series (Pick 103a) is relatively common due to its low denomination and widespread use during the two-year occupation period. The series represented an interim monetary solution while Austria re-established its banking system and national sovereignty. P-103a de VF Note shows circulation wear with center fold, corner wear, and some soiling on face. Paper remains intact with good color retention.


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  Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian Krone 1000 Issue of 1902 1902 Oesterreichisch-ungarische Bank Generalrat; Gouverneur; Generalsecretär Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Allegorical female figure representing Austria Red overprint stamp with imperial coat of arms monarchy,statesman,architecture Allegorical female figure representing Austria or the monarchy, positioned at right in an ornate oval frame. The Austro-Hungarian double-headed eagle with crown and coat of arms appears at center-left. This design is typical of the Oesterreichisch-ungarische Bank's 1902 issue, which served the dual monarchy until its dissolution in 1918. The note bears inscriptions in multiple languages of the empire (German, Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Italian, Croatian, Romanian, Ruthenian) reflecting the multinational character of Austria-Hungary. Serial number 1603 appears in red at upper center. The reverse shows the same allegorical female figure and double-headed eagle design as the front, with a prominent red overprint stamp applied vertically at center bearing the Hungarian coat of arms and text. This stamp was applied after World War I during the transition period when Austria-Hungary dissolved. The serial number 66752 appears at left. The red overprint indicates special status or validation during the currency's final period of use. This 1000 Kronen note belongs to the 1902 series issued by the Oesterreichisch-ungarische Bank, the central bank of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The note was authorized by law on 2 January 1902 and circulated throughout the dual monarchy. The multilingual inscriptions demonstrate the empire's diverse ethnic composition, with denominations printed in eight languages. Following World War I and the empire's dissolution in 1918, these notes received various overstamps by successor states. The red Hungarian overprint visible on this example indicates post-war validation or transition use. The series was eventually demonetized as the successor states (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Italy, Romania) introduced their own currencies. These notes are historically significant as artifacts of the final years of the Habsburg monarchy. P-59 de,hu,cs,pl,it,hr,ro,uk 1603 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creases and wear, particularly at edges and corners. The overprint is clear and the paper remains intact with no major tears.


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  Austria Krone 1 Deutschösterreich overprint issue 1916 Austro-Hungarian Bank (with Deutschösterreich overprint) Generalrat-Főtanácsos; Gouverneur-Kormányzó; Generalsekretär-Vezértitkár Austro-Hungarian Bank Printing Works Female head representing Austria (allegorical) statesman,architecture This 1 Krone note was originally issued by the Austro-Hungarian Bank on December 1, 1916, during World War I. The red 'DEUTSCHÖSTERREICH' overprint was applied in 1919 to distinguish Austrian currency from Hungarian issues following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The note features the imperial Austrian double-headed eagle at left and the Hungarian coat of arms at right, reflecting the dual monarchy's bilingual administration with German text on the left and Hungarian on the right. The reverse displays an allegorical female head representing Austria at center, surrounded by Art Nouveau decorative elements. The denomination 'ONE KORUNA/KORONA' is shown in eight languages representing the various nationalities of the former Empire: Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, and Romanian. Anti-counterfeiting warnings appear in German and Hungarian. After Austria-Hungary's defeat in World War I and the empire's dissolution in November 1918, the newly proclaimed Republic of German-Austria (Deutschösterreich) overprinted existing Austro-Hungarian banknotes to differentiate them from those circulating in Hungary and the successor states. The 'Deutschösterreich' overprint was applied from early 1919. This transitional currency remained legal tender until the introduction of the Austrian Schilling in 1925. The note exemplifies the chaotic monetary conditions of post-WWI Central Europe. P-49 de,hu,cs,sk,uk,it,sl,hr,sr,ro 063458 AU Excellent preservation with minimal handling, sharp corners, original crispness retained


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  Austria Austrian Schilling 20 Third Schilling Series 1967 Oesterreichische Nationalbank Generalrat: [illegible]; Präsident: [illegible]; Generaldirektor: [illegible] Oesterreichische Staatsdruckerei Carl Freiherr von Ghega Semmering Railway viaduct scientist,transport,architecture Carl Freiherr von Ghega (1802-1860), Austrian civil engineer of Albanian-Venetian origin who designed and built the Semmering Railway, the first standard-gauge mountain railway in Europe. Completed between 1848 and 1854, the railway was a pioneering feat of 19th-century engineering, crossing the Alps between Gloggnitz and Mürzzuschlag. Ghega is honoured as one of Austria's greatest engineers; the Semmering Railway was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998 for its technological and architectural significance. The Kalte-Rinne Viaduct of the Semmering Railway, one of the iconic stone viaducts along the mountainous route designed by Carl von Ghega. The Semmering Railway features 16 viaducts, 15 tunnels, and over 100 stone bridges across its 41-kilometer route through the Eastern Alps. This engineering marvel opened the southern trade route to Trieste and remains in operation today, celebrated for its harmonious integration of railway infrastructure into the Alpine landscape. The Third Schilling Series was issued by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank between 1956 and 1983, following the 1947 Second Schilling reform. The 20 Schilling note featuring Carl von Ghega was introduced in 1967 (dated 2 Juli 1967) and remained in circulation until the series was replaced. This denomination commemorates Austria's industrial and engineering heritage during the imperial period. The Austrian Schilling was demonetized on 28 February 2002 following Austria's adoption of the Euro in 1999-2002. P-142 de A 197811 Y VF Note shows circulation wear with fold lines visible, minor soiling, but retains good detail in engraving. Colors remain reasonably vibrant.


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  Azerbaijan AZN 50 First manat series 1993 National Bank of Azerbaijan Goznak Maiden Tower (Qız Qalası) architecture,indigenous_culture Denomination '50 manat' ('əlli manat' in Azerbaijani) displayed in ornate Islamic-style decorative frame at center. The design features traditional Azerbaijani ornamental motifs including stylized eight-pointed stars and crescent moons within the decorative borders, representing Azerbaijan's Islamic cultural heritage and national identity. The text 'Azərbaycan Milli Bankı' appears along the top banner. Maiden Tower (Qız Qalası) in Baku's Old City (İçərişəhər), a 12th-century monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site that has become the iconic symbol of Azerbaijan's capital. The tower, with its distinctive cylindrical shape and protruding buttresses, stands approximately 29.5 meters tall and is one of Azerbaijan's most recognizable landmarks, featured prominently on the country's early banknotes to represent national heritage and the ancient roots of Azerbaijani civilization. This note belongs to the first manat series issued by independent Azerbaijan following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Azerbaijani manat (AZM) was introduced on August 15, 1992, replacing the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 manat = 10 rubles. This first manat experienced severe hyperinflation during the 1990s, and these notes were eventually replaced by the new manat (AZN) on January 1, 2006, at a rate of 1 new manat = 5,000 old manat. The Maiden Tower motif was chosen to emphasize Azerbaijan's ancient history and cultural independence as a newly sovereign nation. P-18 az BA3767915 UNC Note appears uncirculated with crisp edges and no visible wear


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  Bahrain BHD 1 First series 1973 Bahrain Monetary Agency Bradbury Wilkinson & Co. Al Fateh Grand Mosque minaret architecture,religion Bahrain Monetary Agency headquarters building in Manama, the central bank's original office constructed in the early 1970s. This modern multi-story structure represented Bahrain's growing financial infrastructure following independence in 1971 and the establishment of its own currency authority. The denomination appears in Arabic numeral '١' within a guilloche rosette at center, with English text 'BAHRAIN MONETARY AGENCY' and 'ONE DINAR' printed prominently. Al Fateh Grand Mosque minaret in Manama, one of Bahrain's most significant Islamic landmarks. The mosque, later expanded and renamed Al-Fateh Islamic Center, was under construction or newly completed when this series was designed in the early 1970s. The Bahraini coat of arms appears at right, featuring the traditional red and white serrated five-pointed emblem. Arabic text identifies the issuer as 'مؤسسة نقد البحرين' (Bahrain Monetary Agency) and the denomination as 'دينار واحد' (one dinar). First series of the Bahraini Dinar, issued 1973–1993 by the Bahrain Monetary Agency (now Bahrain Central Bank). This series was introduced following Bahrain's independence from Britain in 1971 and the replacement of the Gulf Rupee. The 1-dinar note was designed by Bradbury Wilkinson and featured modern Bahraini architecture alongside traditional Islamic motifs. Law 23/1973 established the Bahrain Monetary Agency and authorized this currency. The series was withdrawn in 1993 when the second series was introduced with enhanced security features. P-8 en,ar 491413 VF Circulated note with visible fold marks and handling wear; colors remain relatively bright with minor soiling.


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  Bangladesh BDT 2 2000 series 2004 Bangladesh Bank Security Printing Corporation (Bangladesh) Limited Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) architecture,wildlife,indigenous_culture The National Martyrs' Memorial (Jatiyo Smriti Soudho) at Savar, near Dhaka, commemorating those who died in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Designed by architect Mainul Hossain and inaugurated in 1982, the monument consists of seven isosceles triangular planes rising to a height of 45 meters, symbolizing the seven stages of the national movement. The note also features the national flower, white water lily (shapla), and a decorative deer motif at lower left. The Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis), the national bird of Bangladesh, perched on a branch. This black and white passerine bird is common throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, known for its melodious song. The bird was declared the national bird of Bangladesh in 1971 and appears on multiple denominations of Bangladeshi currency. This 2 taka note is part of the 2000 series of Bangladesh Bank banknotes, which introduced updated designs following the country's economic development. The series features the national emblem, the National Martyrs' Memorial, and various wildlife and cultural motifs celebrating Bangladeshi independence and identity. The 2004 date indicates a printing within this ongoing series. These low-denomination notes remain in active circulation for daily transactions throughout Bangladesh. P-6Cr bn ৮ ন ০৩০৫৯৮৬ UNC Uncirculated note with crisp corners and no visible wear


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  Bangladesh BDT 2 Golden Jubilee of Independence 2022 Bangladesh Bank Governor: Fazle Kabir; Senior Secretary: Fatema Yasmin Security Printing Corporation (Bangladesh) Ltd. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman National Martyrs' Memorial statesman,independence,commemorative,architecture Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920–1975), founding father and first President of Bangladesh, known as Bangabandhu ('Friend of Bengal'). He led the Bengali nationalist movement, declared independence from Pakistan in 1971, and served as the nation's leader during its formation; he remains the most revered figure in Bangladeshi history. The note also depicts the National Monument (Jatiyo Smriti Soudho) in the background, commemorating the martyrs of the Liberation War. The National Martyrs' Memorial (Jatiyo Smriti Soudho) at Savar, near Dhaka, designed by architect Syed Mainul Hossain and inaugurated in 1982. This iconic monument consists of seven isosceles triangular pyramid-shaped structures representing the seven stages of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, with a red sun motif symbolizing the bloodshed and sacrifice of the martyrs. The date '2022' marks the year of issue in the Golden Jubilee series. This 2 taka note was issued in 2022 as part of Bangladesh's commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of independence (50 years since 1971). The series honors Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and features updated security elements. Bangladesh Bank continues to issue this denomination as part of the current circulating currency, with the 2022 series representing a modernized design for the nation's half-century milestone. New bn ঘএ ২৩৯৬৭৬ UNC


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  Bangladesh BDT 5 Current series 2022 Bangladesh Bank Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Atiya Mosque statesman,architecture,religion Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920–1975), founding father of Bangladesh and first President of the nation. Known as 'Bangabandhu' (Friend of Bengal), he led the Awami League and the independence movement that resulted in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971 following the Liberation War; he served as Prime Minister and later President before his assassination in 1975. His portrait has appeared on all Bangladeshi banknotes since independence, symbolizing the nation's foundation and identity. Atiya Mosque in Tangail District, a Mughal-era mosque built in the 17th century during the reign of Sultan Hussain Shah. This single-domed brick structure with its characteristic terracotta ornamentation is an important example of pre-Mughal and early Mughal Islamic architecture in Bengal, representing the region's rich architectural heritage and religious history. This is part of Bangladesh's current polymer-transition series issued by Bangladesh Bank. The 5 taka denomination featuring Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on the obverse and the Atiya Mosque on the reverse has been a standard design since the early series of independent Bangladesh. The 2022 issue year indicates this is from a recent printing run of the ongoing series that began modernization around 2012 with enhanced security features. Bangladesh Bank continues to honor the nation's founder on all denominations while showcasing the country's architectural and cultural heritage on the reverses. 63c bn গর০৬৪৭৩৯৬ UNC


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  Barbados BBD 2 1986 Issue Central Bank of Barbados Governor: C.M. Springer De La Rue John Redman Bovell Bridgetown Harbour and Parliament Buildings statesman,scientist,agriculture,architecture John Redman Bovell (1855–1928), Barbadian agricultural scientist and educator who pioneered the development of sugar cane disease-resistant varieties and founded the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies. He is honoured on Barbadian currency for his contributions to the island's agricultural advancement. The coat of arms of Barbados with motto 'Pride and Industry' appears at center-left. Bridgetown Harbour and the Parliament Buildings of Barbados, showing the distinctive neo-Gothic Parliament complex completed in the 1870s with its characteristic clock tower. The scene depicts the historic waterfront area of Bridgetown, the capital and primary port of Barbados, which has served as the center of government and commerce since British colonial times. Part of the 1986 Issue of Barbados dollars printed by De La Rue, this series was in circulation from 1986 until the introduction of polymer notes in 2013. The series featured portraits of prominent Barbadian figures and local landmarks, establishing a distinctly national iconography following independence in 1966. The $2 denomination honored John Redman Bovell, reflecting the critical importance of agricultural science to Barbados's sugar-based economy. P-36 en H14224243 VF Moderate circulation wear with visible creases and some soiling, but design elements remain clear


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  Barbados BBD 2 1986-1993 Issue Central Bank of Barbados Governor: Courtney Blackman De La Rue John Redman Bovell Bridgetown landmarks including St. Michael's Cathedral and the Chamberlain Bridge scientist,architecture John Redman Bovell (1855-1928), Barbadian agricultural scientist and botanist who founded the Barbados Department of Agriculture and is considered the father of the sugar cane industry in Barbados. He conducted pioneering research in tropical agriculture and plant breeding, introducing disease-resistant sugar cane varieties that transformed Caribbean agriculture. The coat of arms of Barbados appears at center-left, featuring the national motto 'Pride and Industry' and two pride of Barbados flowers flanking a bearded fig tree. Bridgetown cityscape showing St. Michael's Cathedral (left), a Gothic Revival Anglican cathedral completed in 1789, and the Chamberlain Bridge (center), a swing bridge over the Careenage connecting the two sides of Bridgetown, Barbados' capital. The scene depicts the historic center of Bridgetown, which has been the administrative and commercial heart of Barbados since the 17th century and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 as part of 'Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison'. This note belongs to the 1986-1993 series issued by the Central Bank of Barbados, which replaced the earlier Barbados Government issues. The series featured prominent Barbadian historical figures and national landmarks. The 2-dollar denomination was withdrawn from circulation in 2013 when Barbados introduced polymer banknotes. The signature is that of Courtney Blackman, who served as Governor of the Central Bank of Barbados from 1973 to 1987. This paper series was replaced by polymer notes beginning in 2007, with the $2 denomination being among the last to transition. P-36 en H9732097 UNC


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  Barbados BBD 5 Central Bank of Barbados series Central Bank of Barbados Governor: Sir Frank Worrell De La Rue Sir Frank Worrell Public buildings in Bridgetown statesman,sport,architecture Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell (1924–1967), Barbadian cricketer and Jamaican senator, one of the most celebrated West Indies cricket captains. He was the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team and revolutionized Caribbean cricket; he died young at 42 from leukemia and was honoured with a memorial service at Westminster Abbey. The note features the national coat of arms showing the Barbados Trident emblem with the motto 'Pride and Industry', along with the Governor's signature. Public buildings in Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, showing historic colonial architecture including government buildings with clock towers and castellated features along the waterfront. The scene depicts the administrative center of Barbados with its characteristic British colonial Gothic Revival style buildings surrounded by tropical vegetation, representing the island's institutional heritage and urban development. This note is from the Central Bank of Barbados series issued from 1973 following the establishment of the Central Bank in 1972, replacing the earlier Barclays Bank and Royal Bank of Canada private issues. The paper series featuring Sir Frank Worrell was withdrawn in 2013 when Barbados transitioned to polymer banknotes. Sir Frank Worrell was chosen as a national hero representing both sporting excellence and leadership; he was one of the famous 'three Ws' of West Indies cricket alongside Everton Weekes and Clyde Walcott. 47 en G19274758 F Circulated note with visible wear, creasing, and soiling throughout; colors somewhat faded but design elements remain clear


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  Belarus BYB 50 First national currency series 1992 National Bank of the Republic of Belarus Pahonia (Coat of Arms) Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) statesman,wildlife,indigenous_culture The Pahonia, the historical coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and modern national symbol of Belarus, depicting an armored knight on horseback bearing a shield with a double cross and holding a raised sword. This heraldic emblem was adopted as the state symbol of the newly independent Republic of Belarus in 1991, representing the nation's historical heritage and sovereignty during its transition from Soviet rule. The red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), a widespread species native to Belarusian forests and an important part of the country's natural heritage. The squirrel is shown in a characteristic pose holding food, with a traditional Belarusian folk ornament pattern in the upper left corner, combining natural imagery with cultural motifs typical of early post-independence Belarusian banknote design. This note belongs to the first national currency series issued by the newly independent Republic of Belarus following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The 1992 series, denominated in 'kapeyka' (kapiejek), was introduced to establish monetary sovereignty but was quickly overtaken by hyperinflation. The Pahonia symbol was used on this series but was later replaced with more Soviet-era imagery in subsequent series. This first issue circulated from 1992 to 1994 before being replaced by higher denominations, and was eventually demonetized in 2000 when Belarus redenominated its currency. P-1 be UNC


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  Belarus BYR 50 Third Ruble series 2000 National Bank of the Republic of Belarus Brest Fortress memorial military,commemorative,architecture Brest Fortress (Brest Hero-Fortress), a 19th-century Russian imperial fortress in Brest, Belarus, that became a symbol of Soviet resistance during World War II. The fortress endured a week-long siege in June 1941 at the start of Operation Barbarossa, with its defenders holding out against overwhelming German forces. The inscription reads 'БРЭСЦКАЯ КРЭПАСЦЬ-ГЕРОЙ ХОЛМСКІЯ ВАРОТЫ' (Brest Hero-Fortress, Kholm Gate), showing the fortress's distinctive defensive towers and walls. Brest Fortress memorial complex, featuring the monumental star-shaped sculptural composition 'Courage' (the main monument of the memorial), with a Soviet soldier's head emerging from the star. The inscription 'БРЭСЦКАЯ КРЭПАСЦЬ-ГЕРОЙ УВАХОД У МЕМАРЫЯЛ' (Brest Hero-Fortress, entrance to the memorial) identifies this as the memorial entrance. The complex was opened in 1971 to commemorate the fortress defenders and became one of the most important Soviet war memorials. Third Belarusian Ruble series, issued 2000–2016 following the second redenomination (1 new ruble = 1,000 old rubles in 2000). This series circulated during a period of economic instability and high inflation in Belarus. The 50-ruble note featured Brest Fortress, one of Belarus's most significant historical and patriotic sites. The note was demonetized on December 31, 2016, when Belarus implemented its third redenomination (1 new ruble = 10,000 old rubles), introducing a completely new currency series. This design is part of a series that emphasized Belarusian national heritage and World War II memory. P-25a be Ва 9790016 UNC Note appears to be in uncirculated condition with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Russia RUB 100 MMM private currency series 1994 MMM (private company) Sergei Mavrodi commemorative Sergei Mavrodi (1955–2018), Russian businessman and founder of the MMM financial pyramid scheme. This is a 100-bilet private scrip note issued by MMM in 1994 during one of Russia's most notorious Ponzi schemes, which defrauded millions of investors during the economic chaos following the Soviet collapse. The note bears Mavrodi's portrait and the MMM logo, with text in Cyrillic reading 'БИЛЕТОВ' (biletov, meaning tickets or notes). These notes were used within the MMM system as share certificates or internal currency during the height of the pyramid scheme. Decorative guilloche patterns in green and yellow-green tones with the text 'Сто билетов' (Sto biletov, meaning one hundred tickets/notes) in ornate script. The reverse features intricate security printing patterns typical of banknote design but lacks any significant imagery, focusing instead on anti-counterfeiting measures for this private scrip. MMM private currency series, 1994. These 'biletov' notes were issued by Sergei Mavrodi's MMM company during Russia's largest financial pyramid scheme, which operated from 1989 to 1994 and again in various forms afterward. At its peak in 1994, MMM claimed up to 15 million investors. The scheme collapsed in July-August 1994 when the Russian government intervened, causing massive losses estimated at $1.5 billion. These notes were used as share certificates within the MMM system and became worthless after the collapse. They remain collectible as artifacts of post-Soviet economic turmoil and financial fraud history. ru ГР9678094 XF Note appears in excellent condition with minimal handling, slight aging to paper visible


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  Belize BZD 1 First series 1987 Central Bank of Belize Governor: [signature]; Financial Secretary: [signature]; Director: [signature] Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited Queen Elizabeth II Belize City Court House monarch,architecture Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926, reigned 1952–2022), depicted in youthful profile. As head of state of Belize from independence in 1981 until her death, her portrait appeared on the first series of Belizean currency issued by the Central Bank of Belize. The note also features the coat of arms of Belize at left, which includes a shield supported by woodcutters (representing the mahogany industry central to colonial Belize) and the national motto 'Sub Umbra Floreo' (I flourish in the shade). An underwater scene with coral reef motifs appears behind the denomination, referencing the Belize Barrier Reef—the largest barrier reef in the Americas. The Belize City Court House, a colonial-era building of significant historical and architectural importance in Belize's former capital. The courthouse served as a symbol of British colonial administration and later became an important civic building in independent Belize. The reverse also features the national bird, the keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), at right, and a fish at left, emphasizing Belize's rich biodiversity and natural heritage. This banknote belongs to the first series issued by the Central Bank of Belize following the establishment of the bank in 1982, one year after Belize gained independence from the United Kingdom. The series was issued from 1983 to 1990 under authority of the Central Bank of Belize Act, 1982. The Belize dollar has been pegged to the US dollar at a fixed rate of 2:1 since 1976. This first series featured Queen Elizabeth II on all denominations, maintaining the connection to the Commonwealth. The series was printed by Thomas De La Rue, the renowned British security printer. These notes were withdrawn from circulation in 1990 when a second series was introduced. P-46 en A/3 261026 VF Note shows moderate circulation with some handling marks and slight discoloration, particularly visible in the lighter areas. The paper remains intact with good color retention.


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  Belize BZD 1 Central Bank of Belize Act 1982 series 1986 Central Bank of Belize Governor: K.E. Syplt; Financial Secretary: illegible; Director: illegible Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited Queen Elizabeth II Government House, Belmopan monarch,architecture Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022), monarch of Belize from independence in 1981 until her death in 2022. The portrait shows her in profile facing right. The front also features the Coat of Arms of Belize at left showing a mahogany tree with two woodcutters, symbolizing the country's historical logging industry. Text identifies this as issued under the Central Bank of Belize Act, 1982, and dated 1st January 1986. The denomination 'ONE DOLLAR' is prominently displayed, with legal tender text stating payment 'IN BELIZE OF ANY AMOUNT'. Belize, formerly British Honduras, gained independence in 1981 and this note represents the early post-independence currency. Government House in Belmopan, the capital city of Belize established in 1970 after Hurricane Hattie devastated Belize City in 1961. The building depicted is the official government administrative building in the planned inland capital. The reverse also features a keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), the national bird of Belize, shown at right. Local flora decorates the left side of the design, reflecting Belize's rich biodiversity and tropical environment. This note belongs to the first series issued by the Central Bank of Belize following the Central Bank of Belize Act of 1982. Belize gained independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1981, and this series replaced the earlier British Honduras dollar notes. The 1986 date represents a specific print run within the series that circulated from 1983 to 1990. The series maintained the Belize dollar's parity with the US dollar at 2:1 (BZ$2 = US$1), a rate established in 1976 and maintained to the present. The note features Queen Elizabeth II as Belize remained a Commonwealth realm with the British monarch as head of state. This series was eventually replaced by updated designs in 1990. P-46b en A/11 207348 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creases, light soiling, and some edge wear. Paper remains intact with no tears.


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  Bhutan BTN 1 Third series Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Chairman: signature illegible De La Rue Simtokha Dzong architecture,mythology,indigenous_culture The front depicts traditional Bhutanese mythological imagery featuring paired dragons (druk) flanking a central double dorje (vishvavajra or crossed thunderbolt) within a circular medallion, surrounded by elaborate cloud and flame motifs rendered in the distinctive Bhutanese Buddhist artistic style. The dragons represent Druk, the Thunder Dragon of Bhutanese mythology and the national symbol of Bhutan. The text is in Dzongkha script at top, with serial numbers in both corners. The word 'Chairman' appears at bottom center. Simtokha Dzong, the first dzong (fortress-monastery) built in Bhutan, constructed in 1629 by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the founder of the Bhutanese state. Located approximately 5 kilometers south of Thimphu, it served as a strategic fortress protecting the entrance to the Thimphu valley and now houses a monastic school. The dzong represents Bhutan's unique architectural heritage combining religious and administrative functions, with its characteristic sloping walls, towers, and Buddhist architectural elements. The text 'ROYAL MONETARY AUTHORITY OF BHUTAN' appears at top, 'ONE NGULTRUM' at bottom left, with denomination '1' at bottom right and Dzongkha script. This note belongs to Bhutan's third series of ngultrum banknotes, issued between 1986 and 1992 by the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan. The ngultrum was introduced in 1974, replacing the Indian rupee as Bhutan's national currency, though it remains pegged at parity with the Indian rupee and both currencies circulate in Bhutan. This series introduced more elaborate traditional Bhutanese Buddhist artistic motifs, showcasing the nation's cultural heritage and the central role of Vajrayana Buddhism in Bhutanese identity. The 1 ngultrum denomination was among the lowest denominations issued and has since been largely replaced by coins. P-12 dz,en A/1 2402015 UNC Uncirculated note with crisp edges and no visible handling marks


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  Bhutan BTN 1 2013 Series 2013 Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Governor: signature present but name illegible from image Simtokha Dzong architecture,religion The Druk Khorlo, the Royal Emblem of Bhutan, occupies the center, featuring the dharma wheel (khorlo) flanked by two dragons (druk). The emblem represents the authority of the Buddhist religion and the Dragon King, symbolizing Bhutan's identity as 'Druk Yul' (Land of the Thunder Dragon). This sacred symbol combines the temporal and spiritual authority that has governed Bhutan since its unification in the 17th century. The note features ornate dragons in green and blue on either side and extensive geometric patterns across the surface. Simtokha Dzong (also Singtokha Dzong), Bhutan's first dzong fortress, built in 1629 by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who unified Bhutan. Located about 5 kilometers south of Thimphu, this fortress-monastery served as a strategic military installation and administrative center. The dzong exemplifies traditional Bhutanese architecture with its characteristic sloping walls, wooden details, and multi-tiered roofing. Now it houses the Institute for Language and Culture Studies and remains an important religious and cultural landmark in Bhutan. This note belongs to the 2013 series of Bhutanese ngultrum, issued by the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan. The ngultrum has been pegged at parity with the Indian rupee since its introduction in 1974, though both currencies circulate in Bhutan. The 2013 series introduced updated security features while maintaining traditional Bhutanese iconography. The 1 ngultrum denomination is the lowest value note in active circulation and features prominent Buddhist and national symbols reflecting Bhutan's unique cultural identity. P-27b dz,en I02550116 UNC Note appears uncirculated with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Burundi BIF 20 2005 issue Banque de la République du Burundi Le Gouverneur: [signature]; Le 1er Vice-Gouverneur: [signature] Traditional Burundian drummer National coat of arms of Burundi indigenous_culture,agriculture,mythology Traditional Burundian drummer in ceremonial dress performing on a royal drum (karyenda). The drummer represents the sacred drumming tradition central to Burundian culture and history; the royal drums were symbols of power in the Kingdom of Burundi and remain important cultural emblems. The karyenda drums were traditionally used for royal ceremonies and continue to be featured in the famous Tambourinaires du Burundi performances, representing national heritage and unity. National coat of arms of Burundi at center, featuring a shield with a lion's head, three spears, and the national motto 'Unité - Travail - Progrès' (Unity - Work - Progress). The emblem is surrounded by decorative guilloche patterns and includes the motto in both French and Kirundi ('Ubumwe - Ibikorwa - Amajambere'). The coat of arms was adopted at independence in 1962 and symbolizes the nation's sovereignty and values. This note belongs to the 2005 issue series of Burundian francs, which featured dates printed on the notes. The series was issued by the Banque de la République du Burundi from 2005 to 2007 and maintained the traditional design elements of earlier Burundian currency while incorporating updated security features. This particular note is dated 05-02-2005. The denomination of 20 francs was a common circulating value during this period. 27e fr,rn DK462042 UNC Appears uncirculated with crisp edges and no visible wear or folds


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  Burundi BIF 50 1991 Issue Banque de la République du Burundi L'Administrateur: [signature]; Le Gouverneur: [signature] Traditional Burundian craftswoman basket weaving indigenous_culture,agriculture,industry National coat of arms of Burundi at center, featuring three spears, a lion's head, and the national motto 'UBUMWE, IBIKORWA, AMAJAMBERE' (Unity, Work, Progress) above and 'UNITE, TRAVAIL, PROGRES' (Unity, Work, Progress) below in a shield design. The coat of arms symbolizes the unity and strength of the Burundian nation after independence from Belgium in 1962. The bilingual inscriptions reflect Burundi's French colonial heritage and Kirundi national language. Burundian woman engaged in traditional basket weaving, representing the importance of indigenous crafts and the central role of women in Burundian agricultural and artisanal economy. Basket weaving has been a traditional craft in Burundi for centuries, with distinctive geometric patterns that are culturally significant. The scene celebrates the nation's cultural heritage and the contribution of rural communities to economic development. This note belongs to the 1991 issue of Burundian francs, which introduced updated designs following the country's political transitions. The series featured traditional cultural themes and national symbols. The date '01-10-91' (October 1, 1991) appears on this specific note. These notes circulated through the 1990s and early 2000s until being gradually replaced by newer series. Burundi has maintained the franc as its currency since independence in 1962. P-28c fr,rn BL614251 UNC


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  Burundi BIF 10 1991 Bank of the Republic of Burundi Le Gouverneur; L'Administrateur architecture The national coat of arms of Burundi displayed over an outline map of the country. The coat of arms features a lion's head on a shield, three spears, and a drum (karyenda), encircled by the national motto 'Unité, Travail, Progrès' (Unity, Work, Progress). The map silhouette emphasizes the nation's landlocked geography in the African Great Lakes region. The denomination 'DIX FRANCS' appears in French with 'AMAFRANGA CUMI' in Kirundi. Abstract geometric guilloche pattern with the national motto presented bilingually: 'UNITÉ-UBUMWE' (Unity), 'TRAVAIL-IBIKORWA' (Work), and 'PROGRÈS-AMAJAMBERE' (Progress). The design incorporates rosette patterns containing the denomination numerals. A counterfeiting warning appears in both French and Kirundi at bottom. This 10 Franc note dated 01-10-91 (October 1, 1991) is part of the small-denomination series issued by the Bank of the Republic of Burundi following independence from Belgium in 1962. The bilingual inscriptions in French and Kirundi reflect the country's official languages. The Burundian franc has been the national currency since 1964, replacing the Rwandan franc. These small denominations were used for everyday transactions but have been largely superseded by higher denominations due to inflation. P-33d fr,rn AP 203745 UNC Crisp, uncirculated condition with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Burundi Burundian franc 10 2005 issue Banque de la République du Burundi Le Gouverneur: visible signature (name illegible from image) Giesecke & Devrient Maize/corn plant agriculture,statesman The national coat of arms of Burundi depicted at center, superimposed on a map outline of the country. The coat of arms features a shield with a lion's head and three spears above, with the national motto 'Unité, Travail, Progrès' (Unity, Work, Progress) on a ribbon below. The arms symbolize the nation's commitment to these founding principles following independence in 1962. Date '05-02-2005' appears above the map. A stylized maize (corn) plant at center, representing Burundi's agricultural economy and the importance of subsistence farming to the nation. Maize is a staple crop in Burundi, central to food security. The design includes the trilingual national motto: 'Unité-Ubumwe' (Unity), 'Travail-Ibikorwa' (Work), and 'Progrès-Amajambere' (Progress) in French and Kirundi. The text includes a counterfeit warning in French and Kirundi. This 10 franc note belongs to the 2005 dated issue of Burundian currency, produced during a period of post-civil war economic reconstruction. The 2005 series featured updated security features and trilingual text in French, Kirundi, and Swahili, reflecting Burundi's multilingual heritage. The franc has been Burundi's currency since independence in 1964, replacing the Ruanda-Urundi franc. Notes from this series were gradually replaced by newer issues starting in 2007. 33e fr,rn BT457842 UNC Crisp uncirculated example with excellent centering and no visible handling marks


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  Burundi BIF 20 1991 issue Banque de la République du Burundi Le Gouverneur: (signature); L'Administrateur: (signature) Coat of arms of Burundi indigenous_culture,agriculture Traditional Burundian drummer in ceremonial dress, performing with a royal drum (karyenda). The drummer represents Burundi's rich cultural heritage where royal drums were sacred symbols of kingship and used in coronation ceremonies and important state occasions. The traditional attire and the ceremonial performance reflect the deep significance of drumming in Burundian culture, which has been recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. National coat of arms of Burundi featuring a shield with the head of a lion, three spears behind it, and the national motto 'UNITE - TRAVAIL - PROGRES' (Unity, Work, Progress) on a ribbon below. The motto appears in French ('UNITE TRAVAIL PROGRES') with 'IBIKORWA AMAJAMBERE' visible in Kirundi, representing the nation's commitment to these founding principles. The coat of arms symbolizes sovereignty and national identity. This note is from the 1991 issue series of the Burundian franc, printed during a transitional period in Burundi's history. The date 01-10-91 indicates October 1, 1991. This series continued to be issued through the 1990s and was eventually replaced by newer designs in the 2000s. The bilingual inscriptions in French and Kirundi reflect Burundi's official language policy. The traditional drummer motif was chosen to honor Burundi's cultural heritage, particularly the sacred royal drums (ingoma) that were central to the monarchy before it was abolished in 1966. P-27b fr,rn CA352274 UNC Appears uncirculated with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Biafra Biafran pound 1 Pound First series Bank of Biafra Governor: Sylvester U. Ugoh; Director: [illegible] Unknown Coat of arms of Biafra statesman,indigenous_culture,commemorative Palm tree at center with rising sun emblem below, symbolic of Biafra. The palm tree was a central element of Biafran iconography during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), representing the Igbo-dominated breakaway republic that declared independence from Nigeria. The note features signatures of Governor Sylvester U. Ugoh and an unidentified Director, with ornate guilloche patterns and the denomination '£1' in decorative roundel at right. Coat of arms of the Republic of Biafra at center, featuring an eagle atop a shield with a rising sun, flanked by two horses, with the motto 'Peace Unity Freedom' on banner below. The coat of arms represented the short-lived secessionist state's national identity during its existence from 1967 to 1970, when Biafra was reintegrated into Nigeria following the civil war. First series issued by the Republic of Biafra, 1967–1970. The Biafran pound was introduced following the region's secession from Nigeria in May 1967, triggered by ethnic tensions and the aftermath of anti-Igbo pogroms. This currency circulated only within Biafran-controlled territory during the Nigerian Civil War. After Biafra's defeat and reintegration into Nigeria in January 1970, all Biafran currency was demonetized. The notes were printed under wartime conditions and are now sought by collectors as historical artifacts of this tragic conflict. Governor Sylvester U. Ugoh served as the first and only Governor of the Bank of Biafra. P-5a en DR0321802 XF Note shows light circulation with good detail retention, minor handling marks visible


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  Biafra Biafran pound 1 First series Bank of Biafra Governor: First M. Ufot; Director: [illegible] De La Rue Coat of arms of Biafra independence,commemorative,indigenous_culture Palm tree with rising sun at center, symbol of Biafra representing hope and renewal for the secessionist state. The coconut palm was chosen as an emblem of the short-lived Republic of Biafra (1967–1970), which declared independence from Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War. The denomination is prominently displayed in ornate guilloche medallions at left and right, with serial number DT0075522 appearing twice. Coat of arms of the Republic of Biafra at center right, featuring a golden rising sun, two seahorses as supporters, and the motto 'Peace Unity Freedom' on a ribbon beneath a shield. The arms symbolized the aspirations of the breakaway state. A blank watermark area appears at left, with ornamental guilloche work throughout and denomination 'ONE POUND' in banner at bottom. The Biafran pound was the currency of the Republic of Biafra from 1968 to 1970, issued during the Nigerian Civil War following Biafra's secession on 30 May 1967. The Bank of Biafra was established to issue this currency, which was printed by De La Rue in the United Kingdom. The series ceased to have legal tender status when Biafra was reintegrated into Nigeria on 15 January 1970 following the republic's military defeat. These notes are historically significant as artifacts of the attempted secession and humanitarian crisis that resulted in widespread famine. The 1-pound note was among the most common denominations issued. P-5a en DT0075522 UNC Appears uncirculated with excellent centering and sharp details


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  Biafra Biafran pound 1 pound Republic of Biafra series 1968 Bank of Biafra Governor: First M. Njoku; Director: (illegible) Coat of arms of the Republic of Biafra statesman,indigenous_culture,commemorative Palm tree rising sun motif at center, representing the independence and aspirations of the Republic of Biafra. The palm tree is a national symbol featured on the Biafran flag and coat of arms, symbolizing the region's agricultural wealth and natural resources. The note was issued during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) when the southeastern region of Nigeria declared independence as the Republic of Biafra. Coat of arms of the Republic of Biafra at center, featuring a golden rising sun (representing a new dawn), an eagle (strength and vigilance), and two leopards as supporters. The motto 'PEACE UNITY FREEDOM' appears on a ribbon beneath the shield. The coat of arms was adopted in 1967 when Biafra declared independence under Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu and symbolizes the aspirations of the Igbo-dominated breakaway state. Republic of Biafra series, 1968–1970. These notes were issued by the secessionist Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War after the region declared independence on May 30, 1967. The Bank of Biafra issued currency in pounds, shillings, and pence, replacing Nigerian pounds in the breakaway territory. The notes circulated until January 15, 1970, when Biafra surrendered and was reintegrated into Nigeria. All Biafran currency was immediately demonetized. These notes are now collectible artifacts of the short-lived republic and are sought after for their historical significance in documenting the Nigerian Civil War. P-5a en D/1 0075520 XF Note shows light circulation with good detail retention and minor handling marks


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  Biafra Biafran pound 1 pound Republic of Biafra issue Bank of Biafra Governor: Jack W. Udoh; Director: [signature illegible] Unknown National coat of arms of Biafra indigenous_culture,commemorative Palm tree rising from stylized sun, a central motif representing the tropical landscape and natural resources of Biafra. The palm tree was a key symbol of the short-lived Republic of Biafra (1967–1970), appearing on currency issued during the Nigerian Civil War to establish monetary independence from Nigeria. The note bears the promise 'Promise to pay on Demand the sum of ONE POUND' with signatures of the Governor and Director of the Bank of Biafra. The national coat of arms of the Republic of Biafra featuring an eagle surmounting a shield with a rising sun, flanked by two leopards, with the motto 'PEACE UNITY FREEDOM' on a banner below. This emblem was adopted by Biafra upon its declaration of independence from Nigeria in 1967, incorporating imagery meaningful to the Igbo people and other ethnic groups of the secessionist region. The coat of arms symbolized the aspirations of the breakaway state during its three-year existence. The Republic of Biafra issued its own currency series beginning in 1968, after seceding from Nigeria in May 1967 under the leadership of Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu. The Biafran pound was introduced to replace the Nigerian pound in the secessionist territory comprising the Eastern Region, primarily inhabited by the Igbo people. These notes circulated during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) until Biafra's surrender in January 1970, after which they were demonetized. The Bank of Biafra operated as the monetary authority of the unrecognized state. Biafran currency is now a historical artifact commemorating a tragic conflict that claimed over one million lives, many from starvation during the blockade. P-5a en D/1 0075518 AU Note shows light circulation with minor edge wear and slight discoloration but retains strong detail and no major folds or tears.


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  Bolivia BOB 10000 Peso Boliviano series 1984 Banco Central de Bolivia Gerente: [signature]; Presidente: [signature] Bundesdruckerei Simón Bolívar Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace) statesman,military,architecture Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), Venezuelan military and political leader who led the liberation of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela from Spanish rule, known as El Libertador. Bolivia is named in his honour. The note features the Bolivian coat of arms at center, depicting a mountain (Cerro Rico de Potosí), a breadfruit tree, an alpaca, wheat sheaf, and ten stars representing the departments of Bolivia. The decree reference 'DECRETO SUPREMO 20028 DE 10 DE FEBRERO DE 1984' dates this issue to February 10, 1984. Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace) in La Paz, seat of the Bolivian legislature (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional). The neoclassical building with its distinctive dome houses both chambers of Bolivia's Congress and has been a symbol of Bolivian democracy and governance since its construction in the early 20th century. This note belongs to the Peso Boliviano series issued from 1962–1987 during a period of severe hyperinflation in Bolivia. The 10,000 pesos bolivianos denomination reflects the dramatic devaluation that occurred in the 1980s, with inflation reaching catastrophic levels by mid-decade. The series was replaced in 1987 when Bolivia introduced a new boliviano at a rate of 1,000,000 old pesos to 1 new boliviano, effectively redenominating the currency to stabilize the economy. These high-denomination notes are a numismatic reminder of one of history's most extreme hyperinflationary episodes. 169 es A38888358 UNC Crisp, uncirculated note with excellent centering and color preservation


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  Bolivia BOB 10 Pesos Bolivianos Peso Boliviano series 1962 Banco Central de Bolivia Gerente: [illegible signature]; Presidente: [illegible signature] Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited Germán Busch Becerra Cerro de Potosí with colonial architecture military,statesman,architecture Germán Busch Becerra (1903–1939), Bolivian military officer and president of Bolivia from 1937 to 1939. He rose to prominence during the Chaco War against Paraguay and became a nationalist leader who attempted progressive economic reforms, particularly regarding Bolivia's natural resources and tin industry. His presidency ended with his death in 1939, officially ruled a suicide though circumstances remain debated. The note also displays the Bolivian coat of arms at left, featuring the national condor, alpaca, breadfruit tree, and Cerro de Potosí. Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico) with colonial-era buildings and churches in the foreground. Potosí was one of the richest silver mining centers in the Spanish colonial empire, and Cerro Rico (Rich Mountain) became legendary as the source of vast quantities of silver extracted from the 16th to 18th centuries. The mountain and the historic colonial architecture of Potosí represent Bolivia's mining heritage and colonial history, which fundamentally shaped the nation's economy and society. This note belongs to the Peso Boliviano series issued under the Law of 13 July 1962 (as printed on the face: 'LEY DE 13 DE JULIO DE 1962'). The Peso Boliviano was introduced in 1963 to replace the previous Boliviano at a rate of 1,000 to 1 following a period of significant inflation. This transitional series bears the 1962 law date but circulated from 1962–1963. The currency was later replaced by the new Boliviano in 1987 at a rate of 1,000,000 pesos bolivianos to 1 boliviano during hyperinflation. Thomas De La Rue printed this series, and the design honors Germán Busch, who remains an important figure in Bolivian nationalist history. 154a es S3976722 XF Note shows minor handling with light creasing and edge wear but retains good detail and original colors.


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  Bolivia BOB 50 Peso Boliviano series 1962 Banco Central de Bolivia Gerente; Presidente Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited Simón Bolívar Puerta del Sol at Tiahuanaco statesman,military,indigenous_culture,architecture Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), Venezuelan military and political leader who led the independence movements of much of South America from Spanish rule. Known as 'El Libertador', he liberated what are now Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama; Bolivia is named in his honour. His portrait appears on this note as a symbol of Latin American independence and revolutionary ideals, with the Bolivian coat of arms at left. The Puerta del Sol (Gateway of the Sun) at Tiahuanaco (Tiwanaku), a monumental stone gateway carved from a single block of andesite, dating to approximately 500–950 CE. This iconic pre-Columbian monument stands at the centre of the Tiwanaku archaeological site near Lake Titicaca, representing Bolivia's rich indigenous heritage and the sophisticated Tiwanaku civilization that preceded the Inca Empire. This note belongs to the Peso Boliviano series issued under Law of 13 July 1962, as indicated by the inscription 'LEY DE 13 DE JULIO DE 1962' on the face. The Peso Boliviano circulated from 1963 to 1987 during a period of significant economic instability and hyperinflation in Bolivia. This 50 pesos denomination was printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company. The series was eventually replaced by the new Boliviano in 1987 at a rate of 1,000,000 pesos bolivianos to 1 boliviano. The note features Simón Bolívar, after whom the country was named, and the pre-Columbian Puerta del Sol, reflecting both independence heritage and indigenous cultural pride. 162a es C9052759 XF Note appears to be in extremely fine condition with minor handling, good color retention, slight edge wear visible


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  Bolivia BOB 10 Pesos Bolivianos Peso Boliviano series 1962 Banco Central de Bolivia Gerente: [signature]; Presidente: [signature] Thomas de la Rue & Company, Limited Germán Busch Cerro de Potosí military,statesman,architecture,industry Germán Busch Becerra (1903–1939), Bolivian military officer and president who served from 1937 to 1939. A war hero from the Chaco War against Paraguay, he initially led a reformist military junta and later assumed dictatorial powers, implementing nationalist economic policies including state control of the tin industry before his death in office. He remains a significant figure in Bolivian political history for his attempts at economic sovereignty and social reform. Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico), the mountain overlooking the colonial city of Potosí in southern Bolivia. This conical peak, rising to 4,824 meters, was one of the richest silver deposits ever discovered and fueled the Spanish Empire's economy for centuries. The image shows colonial architecture including churches with bell towers characteristic of Potosí's historic center, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mountain symbolizes Bolivia's mineral wealth and colonial mining heritage. This note belongs to the Peso Boliviano series issued by the Banco Central de Bolivia beginning July 13, 1962, as indicated by the date printed on the note ('LA PAZ, 13 DE JULIO DE 1962'). The peso boliviano was the currency of Bolivia from 1963 to 1986, when hyperinflation necessitated replacement by a new boliviano at a rate of 1,000,000:1. This particular series featured prominent Bolivian historical and military figures. The note was printed by Thomas de la Rue & Company in London, a major security printer that produced currency for numerous countries. The denomination '10 PESOS BOLIVIANOS' appears prominently along with 'DIEZ MIL BOLIVIANOS' indicating the revaluation. 154a es U3980805 XF Note appears crisp with good color retention, minor handling evident, no significant creases or tears visible


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  Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian Dinar 1000 First Dinar Issue 1992 Narodna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine Guverner: signature present but name illegible Stari Most (Old Bridge) in Mostar architecture,commemorative Geometric guilloche pattern with denomination 1000 in white numerals against blue-purple rosette. Text in four languages (Latin and Cyrillic scripts for Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian) identifies the issuer as Narodna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine. Date '1. JULI - SRPANJ 1992' indicates July 1, 1992 issue. This series was issued during the early period of the Bosnian War (1992–1995) following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. Stari Most (Old Bridge) in Mostar, the iconic 16th-century Ottoman bridge designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student of the great architect Mimar Sinan. The bridge, built 1557–1566, spanned the Neretva River and stood for 427 years as a masterpiece of Ottoman engineering and a symbol of Mostar. Tragically, it was destroyed by Croatian forces in November 1993 during the Croat-Bosniak War, approximately one year after this banknote was issued. The bridge was reconstructed using original techniques and Ottoman-era stones and reopened in July 2004; it is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This note belongs to the First Dinar Issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1994), introduced after the country declared independence from Yugoslavia in March 1992. The Bosnian Dinar replaced the Yugoslav Dinar at par and circulated during the Bosnian War. Hyperinflation plagued the currency, leading to progressively higher denominations. The depiction of Stari Most is poignant: issued in July 1992, the note immortalizes the bridge just over a year before its destruction in November 1993. The Bosnian Dinar was replaced by the Convertible Mark in 1998 following the Dayton Agreement. Serial number on this note is 20122215, prefix KA. P-15 bs,hr,sr 20122215 VF Note shows moderate circulation with minor soiling and edge wear; no major tears or folds visible.


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  Bosnia and Herzegovina BAM 100 First dinar series 1992 National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina Guverner: [signature present but illegible] Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina statesman,architecture Geometric guilloche pattern in brown and beige forming a radiating rosette design with central denomination of 100. The text 'STO DINARA' (one hundred dinars) appears in both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Dated '1. JULI - SRPANJ 1992' with Governor signature. This design represents the transitional currency issued by the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina following the breakup of Yugoslavia. Historic coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina featuring a shield with fleur-de-lis and crown, centered within green-tinted guilloche security pattern. The inscription 'REPUBLIKA BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA' appears in both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Serial number 4252524 in red at left. This heraldic emblem represents the medieval Bosnian kingdom and was used during the early independence period. First dinar series issued by the National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, immediately following independence from Yugoslavia on March 1, 1992. This emergency currency was printed during the early stages of the Bosnian War (1992–1995) and suffered from severe hyperinflation. The Bosnian dinar was replaced by the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark in 1994 at a rate of 1 mark = 100 dinars. These notes circulated for only two years and represent one of the shortest-lived currencies of the post-Yugoslav era. The bilingual text reflects the multi-ethnic character of Bosnia and Herzegovina. P-2 bs,hr,sr 4252524 VF Note shows moderate circulation wear, minor creasing


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  Bosnia and Herzegovina BAM 10 First issue 1992 National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina Guverner: signature present but illegible Stećak medieval tombstone indigenous_culture,commemorative Abstract guilloche rosette pattern in pink and purple creating an ornate security design. The note bears the denomination '10 DESET DINARA' (ten dinars) in Latin and Cyrillic scripts, issued by the Narodna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine (National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Dated '1. JULI – SRPANJ 1992', this represents the first currency issue following Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia. Stećak medieval tombstone depicted within a circular vignette. Stećci are monumental medieval tombstones unique to Bosnia and Herzegovina and surrounding regions, dating from the 12th to 16th centuries, and recognized as UNESCO World Heritage. These distinctive stone monuments represent an important cultural symbol of medieval Bosnian identity and are among the most significant archaeological heritage of the region. The Bosnian dinar was introduced on 1 July 1992 following Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence from Yugoslavia in March 1992. This first issue series (1992–1998) was produced during the Bosnian War and severe hyperinflation that characterized the early years of independence. The dinar was replaced by the convertible mark (konvertibilna marka) in 1998 at a rate of 1 mark = 100 dinars as part of the Dayton Agreement's economic stabilization measures. The choice of stećci as a motif reflects an attempt to use culturally neutral, pre-Ottoman symbols that could represent all ethnic groups in the newly independent state. P-10 bs,hr,sr 7755047 VF Minor handling wear, creases visible, colors remain relatively bright


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  Brazil BRZ 1 Cruzeiro series Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Efígie da República Banco Central do Brasil building statesman,architecture Efígie da República (Allegory of the Republic), the symbolic female representation of the Brazilian Republic wearing a Phrygian cap, facing right in profile. This allegorical portrait has appeared on various Brazilian currency issues since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, representing liberty, democracy and national identity. The denomination 'UM CRUZEIRO' appears prominently at center. The headquarters building of the Banco Central do Brasil in Brasília, depicted in a circular vignette at left. The building serves as the seat of Brazil's central bank, established in 1964 to regulate the nation's monetary policy and currency issuance. The architectural style represents the modernist design characteristic of Brasília's government buildings. This note belongs to the Cruzeiro series (second cruzeiro), issued from 1970 to 1986 following the return from Cruzeiro Novo in 1970. The cruzeiro was replaced by the Cruzado in 1986 during Brazil's period of chronic hyperinflation. The 1 Cruzeiro denomination was one of the lowest values in circulation during this period. The series featured the allegorical Republic portrait that had been a staple of Brazilian currency design since the late 19th century. 191c pt B16788047855 UNC Appears uncirculated with crisp paper and sharp corners


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  Brazil BRZ 1 Cruzeiro Second Cruzeiro series Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Allegorical representation of the Republic Banco Central do Brasil building statesman,architecture Allegorical female head representing the Brazilian Republic, depicted in profile facing left within an oval frame. This classical representation with flowing hair and ornamental details has been a recurring motif on Brazilian currency since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, symbolizing liberty, civic virtue, and national sovereignty. The figure embodies the republican ideals that replaced the imperial regime. Banco Central do Brasil headquarters building in Brasília, the modernist capital designed by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa. The building represents the institutional authority of Brazil's central bank, established in 1964 to replace the Superintendency of Money and Credit (SUMOC). The neoclassical facade with columns reflects the architectural style of government buildings in the planned capital. Second Cruzeiro series, issued 1970–1986 by the Banco Central do Brasil during a period of military rule and economic modernization. The Cruzeiro (BRZ) was reintroduced in 1970 after the short-lived Cruzeiro Novo (1967–1970), which had replaced the original Cruzeiro at 1000:1. This second Cruzeiro circulated during Brazil's 'economic miracle' years and subsequent debt crisis, before being replaced by the Cruzado in 1986 at 1000:1 as part of the Plano Cruzado anti-inflation package. The 1 Cruzeiro was the lowest denomination of this series. 191 pt B16904 01479 AU Light handling evident, crisp paper, minor corner softness


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  Brazil Cruzeiro 1 First Cruzeiro series Tesouro Nacional (National Treasury of Brazil) Diretor Caixa de Amortização; Ministro da Fazenda American Bank Note Company Marquês de Tamandaré Escola Naval (Naval School) military,architecture Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquês de Tamandaré (1807–1897), Brazilian admiral and patron of the Brazilian Navy. He fought in the Cisplatine War, the Ragamuffin War, the Platine War, and the Paraguayan War, becoming the most celebrated naval officer in Brazilian history. His portrait appears within an ornate oval frame surrounded by guilloche patterns, with the inscription 'TESOURO NACIONAL' arcing above. Escola Naval (Naval School) in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian naval academy founded in 1808 by Dom João VI. The building shown is the modernist structure on Villegagnon Island in Guanabara Bay, which served as the academy's location. The school has trained Brazilian naval officers for over two centuries and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Brazil. First Cruzeiro series, issued 1942–1967. The Cruzeiro replaced the Mil-Réis at a rate of 1000:1 in 1942 as part of a monetary reform under President Getúlio Vargas. This 1 Cruzeiro denomination was among the lowest values in the series. The notes were printed by American Bank Note Company and featured prominent Brazilian military and historical figures. The currency was eventually replaced by the Cruzeiro Novo in 1967 during another period of monetary reform due to inflation. Serie 3414A indicates a specific production batch within the broader issue period. P-135b pt 031553 VF Note shows moderate circulation with some soiling and wear visible on the face, particularly in the lighter areas. Paper remains intact with no tears visible.


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  Brazil Cruzeiro 5 Cruzeiros Second Cruzeiro series Tesouro Nacional Ministro da Fazenda: signature present but illegible; Caixa de Amortização: signature present but illegible Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited, London Pedro Álvares Cabral Conquest of the Amazon military,statesman,indigenous_culture,commemorative Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467–c. 1520), Portuguese navigator and explorer who is credited with the discovery of Brazil in 1500 when he led the first Portuguese expedition to reach South America. He commanded a fleet of 13 ships that sailed from Portugal to India but deviated westward, landing on the Brazilian coast on April 22, 1500, claiming the territory for Portugal. This note honours his role as the European discoverer of Brazil. Allegorical scene titled 'Conquista do Amazonas' (Conquest of the Amazon), depicting the Portuguese colonial expansion into the Amazon region. The scene shows European explorers and missionaries, indigenous peoples, and the raising of flags symbolizing Portuguese sovereignty over the vast Amazonian territories of northern Brazil. This representation reflects the 19th-century romanticized view of colonization and territorial consolidation. This note belongs to the Second Cruzeiro series (1942–1967), which replaced the Mil Réis at a rate of 1 Cruzeiro = 1000 Réis. The series was issued by the Tesouro Nacional (National Treasury) rather than the Banco Central, which was not established until 1964. The 5 Cruzeiros denomination features Pedro Álvares Cabral, linking Brazilian currency to its colonial Portuguese heritage. The 'ESTAMPA 2.A SÉRIE 1288A' overprint indicates this is a second printing run variant from the series code 1288A. These notes were demonetized in 1967 when the Cruzeiro was replaced by the Cruzeiro Novo at a rate of 1000:1 due to inflation. Printed by Thomas De La Rue in London, this issue exemplifies mid-20th century Brazilian currency design with elaborate guilloche patterns and historical-allegorical imagery. 158 pt 098851 XF Note shows good detail with crisp printing; minor handling evident but no major folds or tears visible.


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  Brazil Cruzeiro 5 Cruzeiros Second series Tesouro Nacional Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited, London Barão do Rio Branco Conquest of Amazonas statesman,military,indigenous_culture José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, Barão do Rio Branco (1845–1912), Brazilian diplomat, geographer and historian who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1902 until his death. He is considered the principal architect of modern Brazilian diplomacy and was instrumental in peacefully resolving Brazil's border disputes through arbitration and negotiation, establishing much of Brazil's current territorial boundaries. His portrait appears at center within an ornate frame surrounded by elaborate guilloche patterns and the text 'THESOURO NACIONAL' and 'BARÃO DO RIO BRANCO'. Scene depicting the Conquest of Amazonas (Conquista do Amazonas), a historical event representing Portuguese and Brazilian expansion and settlement in the Amazon region. The vignette shows indigenous peoples, settlers, and flags, symbolizing the incorporation of the vast Amazonian territories into Brazil. This scene celebrates the territorial consolidation that Rio Branco later secured diplomatically. This note belongs to the Second series of Brazilian Cruzeiros, issued between 1943 and 1953. The Cruzeiro was introduced in 1942 to replace the Mil Réis at a rate of 1 Cruzeiro = 1,000 Réis, and circulated until monetary reforms in 1967 introduced the Cruzeiro Novo. This series was printed by Thomas De La Rue in London and features elaborate engraving work typical of mid-20th century banknote design. The choice of Barão do Rio Branco reflects his enduring importance in Brazilian national identity as the diplomat who peacefully established Brazil's modern borders. 157 pt 060274 XF Note shows good detail with minor circulation wear, strong paper quality


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  Brazil BRL 50 Cruzados Novos Cruzado Novo series Banco Central do Brasil Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil; Presidente do Conselho Monetário Nacional Casa da Moeda do Brasil Carlos Drummond de Andrade Carlos Drummond de Andrade composing poetry writer Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902–1987), widely regarded as Brazil's greatest modernist poet and one of the most influential writers in Brazilian literature. A civil servant and journalist from Minas Gerais, he wrote profound verse exploring universal themes of existence, love, and social consciousness. His work transformed Brazilian poetry and earned him global recognition, making him a natural choice to honour Brazilian cultural achievement on this short-lived currency. The note features his portrait wearing characteristic round glasses, with handwritten verse visible at left and the motto 'DEUS SEJA LOUVADO' (God be praised). Carlos Drummond de Andrade composing at his writing desk, shown in profile as he works at a typewriter. The right side displays verses from his poetry in Portuguese, celebrating the transformative power of words and human connection. This design emphasizes his role as a craftsman of language and Brazil's literary heritage during a period of economic transition. The Cruzado Novo was introduced on 15 January 1989 as part of the Plano Verão economic stabilization plan, replacing the Cruzado at a rate of 1000:1. This short-lived currency was an attempt to combat Brazil's hyperinflation crisis, which had reached catastrophic levels in the late 1980s. The denomination '50 Cruzeiros' was overstamped as '50 Cruzados Novos' (visible on this note), representing a transitional issue. The Cruzado Novo lasted only 15 months before being replaced by the reintroduced Cruzeiro on 16 March 1990 at a 1:1 ratio. This series honoured Brazilian cultural figures, with Drummond de Andrade chosen for the 50 denomination. The ephemeral nature of this currency makes it a significant artifact of Brazil's tumultuous monetary history. 220 pt A4160097804A AU Light handling with minor edge wear, strong color and detail retention


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  Brazil BRL 100 Cruzeiros Cruzeiro series (second) Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Cecília Meireles Brazilian cultural and natural diversity scene writer,indigenous_culture,wildlife,architecture Cecília Meireles (1901–1964), one of Brazil's most celebrated poets and educators. A leading figure of Brazilian modernism and the generation of 1930, she wrote extensively on themes of love, death, transience, and spirituality; her work 'Romanceiro da Inconfidência' is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian literature. She was also a pioneering educator and journalist, and remains widely honoured in Brazilian culture. A complex allegorical composition representing Brazilian cultural and natural diversity. The design incorporates indigenous motifs, wildlife including a heron at left, Amazonian flora and fauna, cultural symbols representing Brazil's mixed heritage (indigenous, African, European), scientific symbols (atomic structure), and urban/architectural elements representing modernization. The scene synthesizes Brazil's natural wealth, cultural plurality, and developmental aspirations during the modernization period. This note belongs to the second Cruzeiro series, issued 1981–1986 by the Banco Central do Brasil during a period of high inflation in Brazil. The Cruzeiro was reintroduced in 1970 (replacing the Cruzeiro Novo at parity) and circulated until 1986, when it was replaced by the Cruzado at a rate of 1,000:1 as part of the Plano Cruzado economic reform. The 100 Cruzeiros note featuring Cecília Meireles was part of a series that honoured significant Brazilian cultural figures. This denomination saw multiple signature and serial number variants as inflation eroded its value rapidly through the early 1980s. 198c pt A0181081579A XF Note shows minor circulation with slight handling, good color retention, no major folds or tears visible


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  Brazil BRZ 100 Cruzado series Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Juscelino Kubitschek National Congress of Brazil in Brasília statesman,architecture Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (1902–1976), 21st President of Brazil (1956–1961), known as the 'President of Hope' and founder of Brasília, the new capital city inaugurated in 1960. His administration oversaw rapid industrialization under the slogan '50 years in 5,' making him one of Brazil's most transformative leaders. The note also depicts industrial scenes including oil refineries and power infrastructure, symbolizing Brazil's modernization during his presidency. The motto 'DEUS SEJA LOUVADO' (God be praised) appears at lower center. The National Congress of Brazil (Congresso Nacional) in Brasília, the bicameral legislature consisting of the Federal Senate and Chamber of Deputies, housed in the iconic modernist building designed by Oscar Niemeyer. The twin towers represent the two legislative chambers, with the dome (Senate) and inverted dome (Chamber) flanking them. Completed in 1960 as part of Kubitschek's vision for Brasília, this structure remains one of the most recognizable symbols of Brazilian governance and modernist architecture. The Cruzado was introduced on 28 February 1986 under the Cruzado Plan (Plano Cruzado) as part of an economic shock program to combat hyperinflation, replacing the second Cruzeiro at a rate of 1,000:1. This 100 Cruzados note was part of the initial series issued by the Banco Central do Brasil. The currency was short-lived, lasting only until 1989 when it was replaced by the Cruzado Novo due to renewed inflation. The choice of Juscelino Kubitschek honored the president most associated with Brazil's mid-century economic ambitions and the construction of Brasília. P-213 pt A1487038279A AU Note shows minimal handling with good color retention and sharp details. Minor edge wear visible.


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  Brazil Cruzeiro 100 Second Cruzeiro series Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Duque de Caxias Proclamation of the Republic scene military, statesman Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duque de Caxias (1803–1880), Brazilian military commander and statesman. He is the patron of the Brazilian Army, celebrated for his leadership in the War of the Triple Alliance and numerous internal conflicts, and is considered the greatest Brazilian military figure of the 19th century. The portrait shows him in later life alongside an allegorical female figure representing the Republic or Liberty. Proclamation of the Republic scene depicting the events of November 15, 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca led the military coup that overthrew Emperor Dom Pedro II and established the Brazilian Republic. The scene shows soldiers and civilians in period dress, symbolizing the transition from Empire to Republic and honoring the military's role in Brazilian independence and republican governance. This note belongs to the second Cruzeiro series (1970–1986), issued during Brazil's military dictatorship period. The Cruzeiro was reinstated in 1970 (at a rate of 1 Cruzeiro = 1,000 Cruzeiros Novos) and circulated until monetary reform in 1986 replaced it with the Cruzado at 1,000:1 due to hyperinflation. The 100 Cruzeiros denomination was a mid-value note in this series, featuring consistent iconography celebrating Brazil's military and republican heritage. P-198c pt A6892017742A UNC Note appears uncirculated with sharp corners, no folds, and excellent color retention.


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  Brazil BRZ 200 Cruzeiro series Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Princess Isabel Agricultural workers with harvest statesman,agriculture,indigenous_culture Princess Isabel of Brazil (1846–1921), daughter of Emperor Pedro II and heir presumptive to the Brazilian throne. She served as regent three times and is best remembered for signing the Lei Áurea (Golden Law) on May 13, 1888, which abolished slavery in Brazil. She is honoured on this note for her role in one of Brazil's most significant social reforms. Agricultural workers with harvest scene depicting rural labour and agricultural production. The scene shows workers gathering crops and produce in baskets, representing Brazil's agrarian economy and the importance of agricultural labour to the nation's development during the Cruzeiro period. This 200 Cruzeiros note belongs to the third Cruzeiro series (1970–1986), issued during a period of high inflation in Brazil. The Cruzeiro was replaced by the Cruzado in 1986 at a rate of 1000:1 as part of the Plano Cruzado economic reform. The series featured important historical figures from Brazilian history and scenes representing different economic sectors. P-200 pt A3770054669A XF


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  Brazil BRL 200 Bicentennial of the Republic series Banco Central do Brasil Ministro da Economia, Fazenda e Planejamento: signature visible; Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil: signature visible Casa da Moeda do Brasil República (allegory of the Brazilian Republic) Detail from painting 'Pátria' by Pedro Bruno statesman,commemorative,art República, the allegorical female personification of the Brazilian Republic, appears at center right. This classical figure has been used on Brazilian currency since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889. The text 'REPÚBLICA I CENTENÁRIO' commemorates the centennial of the Republic (1889-1989). At left, a scene depicting three figures from Brazilian independence and republican history is shown in green tones, representing the Inconfidência Mineira movement of 1789, a significant precursor to Brazilian independence. The note celebrates dual centenaries: 100 years of the Republic and 200 years since the Inconfidência. Detail from the painting 'Pátria' (Homeland) by Brazilian artist Pedro Bruno (1888-1949). The artwork shows a domestic scene with figures in an interior setting, representing Brazilian family life and national identity. Bruno was known for his historical and genre paintings that depicted Brazilian society. This artistic reproduction connects national cultural heritage with the commemorative nature of the banknote series, issued during the transition from Cruzado Novo to Cruzeiro. This 200 Cruzados Novos note was issued as part of Brazil's commemorative series marking the centennial of the Republic (proclaimed 1889) and the bicentennial of the Inconfidência Mineira (1789), the failed independence conspiracy led by Tiradentes. The Cruzado Novo was Brazil's short-lived currency (1989-1990), introduced during the country's struggle with hyperinflation under the Plano Verão economic stabilization attempt. It was replaced by the Cruzeiro in March 1990, making this commemorative issue one of the briefest series in Brazilian monetary history. The artistic design, incorporating Pedro Bruno's painting, marked a shift toward celebrating Brazilian cultural achievement alongside political history. P-229 pt A1463039779A XF Note shows light circulation with minor handling marks but retains good color and detail.


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  Brazil BRZ 500 Cruzado series Banco Central do Brasil Presidente do Conselho Monetário Nacional: signature present; Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil: signature present Casa da Moeda do Brasil Heitor Villa-Lobos Villa-Lobos conducting artist,music,culture Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959), Brazilian composer, conductor and cellist who became the most significant creative figure in 20th-century Brazilian classical music. He wrote over 2,000 works, incorporating Brazilian folk and indigenous elements into classical forms, and founded the Brazilian Academy of Music. The note also depicts the Victoria regia (giant water lily), a symbol of Amazonian flora. Villa-Lobos conducting with baton raised, shown in profile against a background of stylized vegetation. The scene captures his role as conductor and educator, reflecting his work in musical education throughout Brazil and his international conducting career that brought Brazilian music to world prominence. The Cruzado series (1986–1989) was introduced during the Plano Cruzado economic reform under President José Sarney, replacing the Cruzeiro at a rate of 1,000:1 in an attempt to combat hyperinflation. The 500 Cruzados denomination honored Villa-Lobos as part of Brazil's practice of featuring cultural and scientific figures on its currency. The Cruzado itself was short-lived, replaced by the Cruzado Novo in 1989 and ultimately by the return of the Cruzeiro in 1990, as hyperinflation continued. 212 pt A7475069279A XF Note shows light circulation with minor edge wear and slight soiling, but retains good detail and color.


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  Brazil BRL 500 Cruzados Cruzado series Banco Central do Brasil Presidente do Conselho Monetário Nacional; Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Heitor Villa-Lobos Villa-Lobos with indigenous children and forest scene artist,indigenous_culture,wildlife Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959), Brazil's most celebrated classical composer and conductor, known for incorporating Brazilian folk and indigenous music into classical compositions. He composed over 2,000 works including the Bachianas Brasileiras series and founded the Brazilian Academy of Music. Behind his portrait is a stylized representation of musical staves and Brazilian vegetation, symbolizing his fusion of classical forms with native themes. The motto 'DEUS SEJA LOUVADO' (God Be Praised) appears below the denomination. Villa-Lobos conducting or teaching indigenous children in a forest setting, representing his lifelong work collecting and promoting Brazilian folk music and his involvement in music education reform in Brazil during the 1930s and 1940s. The scene depicts native vegetation and trees, emphasizing the connection between Brazilian culture, nature, and Villa-Lobos's musical legacy rooted in the country's indigenous and folk traditions. This note belongs to the Cruzado series issued from 1986 to 1989, during Brazil's economic stabilization attempts. The Cruzado replaced the Cruzeiro at a rate of 1,000:1 in February 1986 as part of the Cruzado Plan to combat hyperinflation. The 500 cruzados denomination was one of the highest values in this series. Despite initial success, inflation returned, and the Cruzado was replaced by the Cruzado Novo in 1989 at 1,000:1. Villa-Lobos was chosen to honor Brazilian cultural achievement during this turbulent economic period. 211b pt A7579040733A XF Note shows light circulation with good color retention and sharp details. Minor handling evident.


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  Brazil BRZ 1000 Cruzeiro series Banco Central do Brasil President: Ernane Galvêas; Diretor: Walter Barbas Casa da Moeda do Brasil Barão do Rio Branco Historical artillery cannons statesman,military,industry José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, Barão do Rio Branco (1845–1912), Brazilian diplomat, geographer and statesman who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1902 until his death. He is considered the father of Brazilian diplomacy, having peacefully settled numerous border disputes and expanded Brazil's territory through skilled arbitration and negotiation. The note inscription 'BARÃO DO RIO BRANCO' identifies the subject, honoring his crucial role in defining modern Brazil's borders and international standing. Historical artillery cannons representing Brazil's military heritage and defense capabilities. The crossed cannons are rendered in detailed intaglio engraving, symbolizing the strength and sovereignty of the Brazilian nation during the military period. The design emphasizes industrial and military themes common to Brazilian currency of the 1980s. Part of the third Cruzeiro series issued by the Banco Central do Brasil during the early to mid-1980s, a period of high inflation in Brazil. The Cruzeiro (third) circulated from 1970 to 1986, when it was replaced by the Cruzado at a rate of 1000:1 as part of the Plano Cruzado economic reform. The 1000 Cruzeiros note was among the higher denominations needed as inflation eroded purchasing power. This series featured prominent Brazilian historical figures and was printed on paper with security threads and watermarks. 200 pt B075900298B AU Note appears to have light circulation with minor handling marks, good centering, clear printing details visible.


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  Brazil BRZ 1000 Cruzado series Banco Central do Brasil Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil: signature present; Presidente do Conselho Monetário Nacional: signature present Casa da Moeda do Brasil Machado de Assis Rua Primeiro de Março, Rio de Janeiro, 1905 writer,architecture,commemorative Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839–1908), Brazil's foremost writer and founder of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The son of a freed slave and a Portuguese washerwoman, Machado de Assis rose to become one of the greatest novelists in the Portuguese language, author of Dom Casmurro, Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, and other masterworks. His portrait appears alongside excerpts from his writings and the motto 'DEUS SEJA LOUVADO' (God be praised). This note was issued during the Cruzado monetary reform, which attempted to combat Brazil's severe hyperinflation in the 1980s by removing three zeros from the Cruzeiro. Rua Primeiro de Março (First of March Street) in Rio de Janeiro as it appeared in 1905, showing the historic commercial district with colonial and Belle Époque architecture, street trams, and pedestrians. This street was the financial heart of Rio during Machado de Assis's lifetime and represents Brazil's commercial and cultural development during the late Empire and early Republic. The inscription 'RIO DE JANEIRO - RUA 1ª DE MARÇO EM 1905' identifies the specific view. The Cruzado was introduced on 28 February 1986 as part of the Plano Cruzado economic reform program, replacing the Cruzeiro at a rate of 1 Cruzado = 1,000 Cruzeiros. The plan aimed to halt Brazil's runaway inflation through a price and wage freeze, but ultimately failed. The Cruzado was replaced by the Cruzado Novo in 1989 at a rate of 1,000:1, continuing Brazil's cycle of currency reforms. The 1,000 Cruzados note was one of the higher denominations in this short-lived series, which lasted only three years. Machado de Assis has appeared on various Brazilian banknotes, honoring his status as the nation's greatest literary figure. 213 pt A9401051177A XF Note appears to have light circulation with minor handling. Colors remain vivid with good detail visible in the portrait and architectural elements.


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  Brazil Cruzado Novo 1000 Cruzado Novo series Banco Central do Brasil Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil: signature visible; Valor signature visible Casa da Moeda do Brasil Machado de Assis Rua Primeiro de Março, Rio de Janeiro writer,architecture Machado de Assis (1839–1908), Brazil's most celebrated writer and novelist, founder and first president of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Author of masterworks including 'Dom Casmurro' and 'Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas', he is regarded as the greatest writer in the Portuguese language and a pioneer of Brazilian Realism. The note bears his portrait at right with spectacles and beard, alongside excerpts from his literary works and his signature. An overprint triangle with '1 CRUZADO NOVO' indicates the currency reform that converted 1000 cruzados to 1 cruzado novo. Rua Primeiro de Março in Rio de Janeiro as it appeared in 1905, showing the historic street scene with colonial architecture, horse-drawn trams, and pedestrians. This was one of Rio's most important commercial thoroughfares during the Belle Époque era. The street connects the historic center to the port district and reflects the urban landscape of Brazil's capital during Machado de Assis's lifetime. This note is part of the short-lived Cruzado Novo currency introduced in January 1989 as Brazil's response to hyperinflation under the Plano Verão economic plan. The cruzado novo replaced the cruzado at a rate of 1000:1. Due to continued hyperinflation, the currency lasted only 18 months before being replaced by the reintroduced cruzeiro in March 1990. This 1000 cruzados note was overprinted with '1 CRUZADO NOVO' to convert it to the new denomination, making it both a transitional piece and a testament to Brazil's monetary instability of the late 1980s. The note celebrates Brazil's literary heritage by featuring Machado de Assis. P-216 pt B13980599917A VF Light handling wear visible, overprint clear, slight soiling on edges


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  Brazil Cruzeiro 5 Cruzeiros Second Cruzeiro series 1956 Tesouro Nacional Ministro da Fazenda: signature present but illegible; Caixa de Amortização: signature present but illegible Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited, London Pedro Álvares Cabral Conquest of the Amazon military,statesman,indigenous_culture,commemorative Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467–c. 1520), Portuguese navigator and explorer who is credited with the discovery of Brazil in 1500 when he led the first Portuguese expedition to reach South America. He commanded a fleet of 13 ships that sailed from Portugal to India but deviated westward, landing on the Brazilian coast on April 22, 1500, claiming the territory for Portugal. This note honours his role as the European discoverer of Brazil. Allegorical scene titled 'Conquista do Amazonas' (Conquest of the Amazon), depicting the Portuguese colonial expansion into the Amazon region. The scene shows European explorers and missionaries, indigenous peoples, and the raising of flags symbolizing Portuguese sovereignty over the vast Amazonian territories of northern Brazil. This representation reflects the 19th-century romanticized view of colonization and territorial consolidation. This note belongs to the Second Cruzeiro series (1942–1967), which replaced the Mil Réis at a rate of 1 Cruzeiro = 1000 Réis. The series was issued by the Tesouro Nacional (National Treasury) rather than the Banco Central, which was not established until 1964. The 5 Cruzeiros denomination features Pedro Álvares Cabral, linking Brazilian currency to its colonial Portuguese heritage. The 'ESTAMPA 2.A SÉRIE 1288A' overprint indicates this is a second printing run variant from the series code 1288A. These notes were demonetized in 1967 when the Cruzeiro was replaced by the Cruzeiro Novo at a rate of 1000:1 due to inflation. Printed by Thomas De La Rue in London, this issue exemplifies mid-20th century Brazilian currency design with elaborate guilloche patterns and historical-allegorical imagery. 158 pt 066872 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible creasing and edge wear. 'NON-NEGOTIABLE' stamp applied on front. Some soiling and toning present.


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  Brazil BRL 1000 Cruzeiros Reais Cruzeiro Real series Banco Central do Brasil Ministro da Fazenda; Presidente do Banco Central do Brasil Casa da Moeda do Brasil Anísio Teixeira Brazilian schoolchildren and education scene statesman,writer,science,indigenous_culture Anísio Spínola Teixeira (1900–1971), Brazilian educator, writer, and intellectual who was one of the pioneers of public education reform in Brazil and a leading figure in the Brazilian progressive education movement. As Secretary of Education in Bahia and later in Rio de Janeiro, he championed universal, free, secular public education and founded the University of Brasília. Behind his portrait is a traditional indigenous maloca (communal house) with characteristic thatched roof architecture, representing Brazil's indigenous heritage and cultural diversity. Brazilian schoolchildren of diverse ethnic backgrounds engaged in learning activities, representing Anísio Teixeira's vision of universal, inclusive public education for all Brazilian children regardless of race or social class. The scene depicts students reading, studying, and collaborating, symbolizing the democratic education movement that Teixeira championed throughout his career and his belief in education as the foundation of social progress and equality. The Cruzeiro Real was Brazil's short-lived currency from August 1993 to June 1994, replacing the third Cruzeiro at 1,000:1 during a period of hyperinflation. This 1000 Cruzeiros Reais note was part of the highest denomination issued in this series. The currency was replaced by the Real (BRL) on July 1, 1994, as part of the Plano Real economic stabilization program, at a rate of 2,750 Cruzeiros Reais = 1 Real. The choice of Anísio Teixeira reflected Brazil's emphasis on education as a national priority. All Cruzeiro Real notes were demonetized shortly after the Real's introduction, making this one of Brazil's shortest-lived currency series. 239 pt A2510057613A XF Note shows light circulation with minor handling marks and slight edge wear, but retains good color and detail. No tears or major defects visible.


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  Hungary Pengő 100 Second Pengő series 1930 Magyar Nemzeti Bank Mátyás Király Buda Castle monarch,architecture,statesman Mátyás Király (Matthias Corvinus, 1443–1490), King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490, one of the most celebrated rulers in Hungarian history. His reign is remembered as a golden age of Hungarian culture and military power; he established one of Europe's finest Renaissance courts and the famous Bibliotheca Corviniana. The note bears the inscription 'BUDAPEST, 1930 ÉVI JÚLIUS HÓ 1-ÉN' (Budapest, 1 July 1930) and features the Hungarian coat of arms with two angels at left. Buda Castle (Royal Palace of Buda) on Castle Hill in Budapest, the historical residence of Hungarian kings. The complex has been rebuilt multiple times since the 13th century, serving as the seat of Hungarian monarchs including Matthias Corvinus. Depicted here in its pre-WWII form, topped with a Turul bird (a mythological falcon-like bird from Hungarian tradition and heraldic symbol). Part of the Second Pengő series issued by Magyar Nemzeti Bank from 1930. The Pengő was introduced in 1927 to replace the hyperinflated Korona at a rate of 12,500:1. This 100 pengő note featuring Matthias Corvinus was in circulation until the catastrophic hyperinflation of 1945-1946, when the Pengő became the currency with the highest ever recorded inflation. It was replaced by the Forint on 1 August 1946. The 1930 series represented Hungary's interwar monetary stability before the economic devastation of World War II. P-98 hu E 977 099064 VF Note shows moderate circulation wear with paper intact, some soiling and edge wear visible


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  Hungary HUF 200 Post-transition series 1998 Magyar Nemzeti Bank Pénzjegynyomda Zrt. Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert) Diósgyőr Castle monarch,architecture Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert, 1288–1342), King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to 1342, first monarch of the Angevin dynasty in Hungary. He restored royal power after decades of feudal anarchy, stabilized the economy through monetary reforms including the introduction of the gold forint, and made Hungary one of the largest gold producers in Europe during his reign. He is honoured on this note for his crucial role in establishing Hungary's medieval prosperity and political stability. Diósgyőr Castle (Diósgyőri vár) in Miskolc, a medieval fortress built in the 13th century and significantly expanded under the Angevin kings in the 14th century. The castle served as a royal residence and was a favored hunting lodge of the Hungarian queens. The inscription 'DIÓSGYŐRI VÁR' identifies the site. The castle represents the architectural and cultural legacy of the Angevin period in Hungarian history. This 200 forint note belongs to the post-transition series issued by Magyar Nemzeti Bank following Hungary's democratic transformation. The 1997–2008 series replaced earlier designs with enhanced security features and updated imagery celebrating Hungarian historical figures and landmarks. The 200 forint denomination featuring Károly Róbert was issued from 1998 and remained in circulation until the denomination was replaced by coins in the late 2000s. The note emphasizes Hungary's medieval golden age under Angevin rule. P-178 hu FA6185284 VF Note shows light circulation with minor handling marks and slight soiling, particularly visible in the light-colored areas. Colors remain reasonably vivid.


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  Hungary HUF 10 Forint series 1975 1975 Magyar Nemzeti Bank Állami Nyomda Sándor Petőfi Pastoral scene with shepherds and tree writer,indigenous_culture,agriculture Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849), Hungary's national poet and revolutionary hero. A key figure in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against Habsburg rule, Petőfi is celebrated as one of the greatest lyric poets of Hungarian literature. He disappeared in the Battle of Segesvár and is presumed to have died during the conflict. His poetry, particularly 'Nemzeti dal' (National Song), became anthems of Hungarian freedom and identity. Pastoral scene depicting Hungarian shepherds resting beneath a large spreading tree by the riverside. This bucolic imagery represents traditional Hungarian rural life and agricultural heritage of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld). The composition evokes the pastoral themes common in Petőfi's poetry, connecting the revolutionary poet on the front to the Hungarian countryside he celebrated in his verse. This note belongs to the 1975 forint series issued by Magyar Nemzeti Bank during the socialist period of the Hungarian People's Republic. The series was issued on October 28, 1975, as indicated by the date on the note. These banknotes circulated through the final years of communist Hungary and into the early post-transition period, being withdrawn in the early 1990s as newer security features became necessary. The choice of Petőfi as the portrait subject reflects his enduring status as a national symbol transcending political systems. P-169 hu A117 111638 XF Note shows minor circulation wear with crisp details retained. Light handling evident but no major creases or stains.


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  Bulgaria BGN 2 Fourth series 2005 Bulgarian National Bank Governor: Управител (signature illegible); Chief Cashier: Главен касиер (signature illegible) Paisius of Hilendar Madara Rider religion, writer, indigenous_culture, archaeology, commemorative Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1798), Bulgarian Orthodox monk and key figure of the Bulgarian National Revival. Author of 'Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya' (Slavonic-Bulgarian History, 1762), which awakened Bulgarian national consciousness during Ottoman rule; he is revered as the founder of modern Bulgarian historiography. The note displays his portrait alongside an excerpt from his seminal manuscript, with the national coat of arms below center. The Madara Rider, an eighth-century rock relief carved into a cliff near Shumen, Bulgaria. A UNESCO World Heritage Site and symbol of the First Bulgarian Empire, the relief depicts a mounted horseman trampling a lion, with an eagle and dog accompanying; it is one of the most important monuments of medieval Europe and represents Bulgarian sovereignty and military prowess during the reign of Khan Tervel. This note belongs to the fourth series of the Bulgarian lev, introduced in 1999 following the 1997 hyperinflation crisis and currency board arrangement pegging the lev to the Deutsche Mark (later the euro at 1.95583 BGN = 1 EUR). The 2005 emission represents the standard issue of this series. Paisius and the Madara Rider were deliberately chosen to symbolize spiritual and national identity respectively, anchoring modern Bulgaria to its medieval and revival-era heritage. P-115 bg БЮ8328649 F Note shows moderate circulation wear, creasing, and some soiling consistent with used condition


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  Bulgaria BGN 2 1999 Series 2005 Bulgarian National Bank Управител: Ivan Iskrov; Главен Касиер: Tsvetan Gunev Bulgarian National Bank Printing Works Paisius of Hilendar Bulgarian heraldic lion and manuscript pages from Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya writer,religion,indigenous_culture Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1773), Bulgarian monk and National Revival figure, author of 'Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya' (Slavonic-Bulgarian History), the foundational work of Bulgarian national consciousness written in 1762. The note shows his portrait alongside an image of the Hilendar Monastery on Mount Athos where he lived and worked, and reproductions of his manuscript. The dates 1722-1773 and his name in Cyrillic 'Паисий Хилендарски' appear beside the portrait. The Bulgarian heraldic lion, a crowned lion rampant which has been the symbol of Bulgarian statehood since the Second Bulgarian Empire. The background features pages from Paisius's manuscript 'Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya', showing his original handwriting. This work urged Bulgarians to know their history and language during Ottoman rule, becoming a catalyst for the Bulgarian National Revival. This 2 leva note is part of the 1999 series of Bulgarian banknotes introduced after the currency board arrangement was established in 1997, pegging the lev to the Deutsche Mark (later the euro). Paisius of Hilendar was chosen for the 2 leva denomination to honour his role as the spiritual father of Bulgarian nationalism. His manuscript was copied and distributed throughout Bulgarian lands, awakening national consciousness that eventually led to Bulgarian independence in 1878. P-117b bg БГ 4088368 VF Light vertical fold at center, minor handling wear, slight soiling, overall well-preserved with crisp details


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  Serbia RSD 10 2003-2011 Issue 2006 National Bank of Serbia Governor: Radovan Jelašić Topimex (Goznak) Vuk Stefanović Karadžić Serbian coat of arms writer,statesman,indigenous_culture Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), Serbian philologist, linguist, and major reformer of the Serbian language. He standardized modern Serbian Cyrillic orthography, collected epic folk poetry, compiled the first Serbian dictionary, and is considered the father of Serbian literature and language reform; his work laid the foundation for modern Serbian literary culture. Serbian coat of arms featuring the double-headed white eagle and the Serbian cross with four Cyrillic 'S' letters (representing 'Samo Sloga Srbina Spašava' – 'Only Unity Saves the Serbs'). The coat of arms has been a symbol of Serbian statehood since medieval times and was restored after independence. This note belongs to the 2003-2011 issue series of Serbian dinars, introduced after the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006, when Serbia became fully independent. The series replaced earlier Federal Republic of Yugoslavia notes and featured prominent Serbian cultural and scientific figures. The 10 dinar denomination was relatively low-value and commonly circulated. This series was gradually replaced starting in 2011 with updated designs featuring enhanced security features. 54a sr AE0310800 UNC Note appears uncirculated with sharp details and no signs of handling


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  Bulgaria BGN 10 Issue of 1974 1974 Bulgarian National Bank Goznak Georgi Dimitrov Agricultural scene with tractor plowing statesman,agriculture,industry,communism Agricultural scene depicting a tractor plowing fields, representing Bulgaria's collectivized farming during the socialist period. The front displays the Bulgarian text 'Българска народна банка' (Bulgarian National Bank) and 'Десет лева' (Ten leva), with ornate guilloché patterns and the denomination '10' in decorative frames at the corners. Georgi Dimitrov (1882–1949), Bulgarian communist leader who served as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 1946 until his death. He was previously Secretary General of the Comintern from 1935 to 1943 and is considered the founder of communist Bulgaria. The back also features the Bulgarian coat of arms (the 1948 People's Republic emblem with lion, wheat, and red star) at center right, with the text 'Народна република България' (People's Republic of Bulgaria). This note belongs to the 1974 series of Bulgarian leva, issued during the socialist period under the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990). The series emphasized agricultural and industrial themes reflecting the planned economy. The Dimitrov portrait honored the founding figure of communist Bulgaria who died in 1949. These notes were withdrawn and demonetized with Bulgaria's 1999 currency reform (denomination revaluation at 1000:1) following the transition to democracy and market economy in the 1990s. P-96a bg БЯ 379398 F Visible creasing, wear and handling marks consistent with circulation; some discoloration and aging


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  Bulgaria Lev 25 Issue of 1951 1951 Bulgarian National Bank Georgi Dimitrov Railway workers laying track statesman,industry,transport,commemorative Georgi Dimitrov (1882–1949), Bulgarian communist leader who served as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and first communist Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 1946 until his death in 1949. A leading figure in the Comintern and hero of the Reichstag Fire Trial, Dimitrov is honored on this note as the founder of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The state coat of arms of the People's Republic of Bulgaria appears at center, featuring the rampant lion within a wreath of wheat, topped by a red star, with the inscription '9 September 1944' (the date of the communist coup). Railway workers laying track in a tunnel, representing socialist industrial development and the modernization of Bulgaria's transportation infrastructure under communist rule. The scene depicts laborers engaged in railway construction, symbolizing the emphasis on heavy industry and workers' contributions to building socialism during the 1950s industrialization campaigns. This note belongs to the Issue of 1951, the first major banknote series of communist Bulgaria following the establishment of the People's Republic in 1946. Issued during the Stalinist era under Dimitrov's successor Vulko Chervenkov, this series reflected the personality cult around Dimitrov and the emphasis on socialist industrialization. The 1951 series remained in circulation until the currency reform of 1962, when it was replaced at a ratio of 10:1 old to new leva. The series is notable for its socialist realist imagery and extensive use of labor and industrial themes. P-85 bg AP238729 XF Note appears well-preserved with strong details and minimal handling marks. Some minor edge wear consistent with circulation.


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  Bulgaria BGN 50 Third lev series 1992 Bulgarian National Bank Upravitel: Ga. Yusnier Hristo Smirnenski Traditional weaving loom writer,industry,indigenous_culture Hristo Smirnenski (1898–1923), Bulgarian poet, prose writer and journalist who was a major figure of the interwar literary avant-garde. Known for his expressionist poetry and social criticism, Smirnenski died of tuberculosis at age 25; his works addressed themes of social injustice and became influential in Bulgarian literature. The note features his portrait at center with dates 1898–1923, alongside decorative folk motifs. Traditional Bulgarian wooden weaving loom (станче), representing the country's rich textile heritage and folk crafts. The loom symbolizes Bulgaria's agricultural and artisan traditions, particularly the production of hand-woven textiles that have been central to village life for centuries. Multicolored decorative patterns appear in the background, evoking traditional Bulgarian embroidery and textile designs. This note belongs to the third lev series, issued by the Bulgarian National Bank in 1992 following the democratic transition after 1989. The series replaced the second lev series and circulated during a period of economic turbulence and hyperinflation in Bulgaria. It was superseded in 1999 when the fourth lev was introduced at a rate of 1,000:1 due to severe currency devaluation. The denomination of 50 leva was modest but represented meaningful value in the early 1990s post-communist economy. Smirnenski's inclusion reflected the new regime's embrace of cultural figures rather than exclusively political leaders. 102 bg АИ5500991 AU Light handling visible, crisp paper with minor corner wear


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  Serbia Dinar 50 German occupation series 1942 Srpska Narodna Banka Governor: Ljubo Jovanović Peter II of Yugoslavia Serbian cross with four firesteels (ocila) monarch,commemorative Peter II of Yugoslavia (1923–1970), the last King of Yugoslavia who reigned from 1934 to 1945. He was overthrown as a minor in 1941 when the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia, spending the war years in exile. This note was issued by the collaborationist Serbian puppet government under German occupation during World War II, using the young king's image despite his exile and opposition to the occupation. The Serbian cross (tetragrammic cross) with four firesteels (ocila or огњила), a traditional Serbian heraldic symbol dating to medieval times. The cross and firesteels are the traditional coat of arms of Serbia, representing the four letters 'C' (Cyrillic 'S') meaning 'Само Слога Србина Спасава' ('Only Unity Saves the Serbs'). This symbol has been used on Serbian banknotes and official emblems throughout various historical periods. This 50 dinar note was issued by the Srpska Narodna Banka (Serbian National Bank) on May 1, 1942, during the German occupation of Serbia in World War II. The note is dated 'BEOGRAD, 1 MAJ 1942' (Belgrade, May 1, 1942). Despite featuring King Peter II, who was in exile and led the Yugoslav government-in-exile opposing the Axis, the note was issued by the collaborationist administration under German control. This series (1941–1944) represents a complex period where occupation authorities maintained some Serbian national symbols while controlling the puppet government of Milan Nedić. The currency was replaced after liberation in 1944. 27a sr Л.0521 859 VF Note shows circulation wear with intact design, minor soiling typical of age


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  Soviet Union Soviet Ruble 100 State Bank of the USSR Issue of 1961 1961 State Bank of the USSR Goznak Vladimir Lenin Kremlin Spasskaya Tower statesman,architecture,commemorative The Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, the most iconic of the Kremlin towers, built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and crowned with its distinctive star in Soviet times. The tower houses the famous Kremlin chimes and serves as the main ceremonial entrance to the Kremlin; it became a symbol of Soviet state power and appears on numerous Soviet banknotes and stamps. Text in multiple languages of Soviet republics confirms the multinational character of the USSR. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), founder of the Soviet state and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Lenin served as head of the Soviet government from 1917 until his death and remains the most frequently depicted figure in Soviet numismatics. The State Emblem of the USSR with hammer, sickle, and red star surrounded by wheat sheaves appears at center, representing the unity of Soviet republics. State Bank of the USSR Issue of 1961, part of the currency reform that replaced the 1947 series at a ratio of 10:1 (old rubles to new rubles). This reform was implemented to combat inflation and black market activity following post-war reconstruction. The 1961 series remained in circulation until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, when it was replaced by Russian Federation currency. The 100-ruble note was among the highest denominations in regular circulation during the Soviet period and featured consistent iconography across all denominations: Lenin on the reverse and Soviet architectural landmarks on the obverse. Multilingual text reflected the fifteen Soviet republics. Printed by Goznak (Гознак), the state security printing works. P-235a ru,be,uz,kk,ka,az,lt,lv,et,mo,ky,tg,hy,tk,uk ВВ 4320682 XF Note appears circulated with minor handling marks and light soiling, but retains good detail and color


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  Bulgaria BGN 200 Lev series 1992 1992 Bulgarian National Bank Управител: [signature present]; Гл. касиер: [signature present] Ivan Vazov Bulgarian lyre writer,architecture,indigenous_culture Bulgarian lyre (древна лира), a traditional ancient musical instrument consisting of a stringed frame with decorative wheat sheaf wreath and ornamental stand. The lyre is a symbol of Bulgarian cultural heritage and appears prominently on the front of this 1992 series note. The decorative elements reflect traditional Bulgarian folk art motifs and the nation's classical heritage. Ivan Vazov (1850–1921), Bulgaria's most celebrated poet and writer, known as the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature. Author of the seminal novel 'Under the Yoke' (Под игото) depicting life under Ottoman rule during the April Uprising of 1876. Behind his portrait is a view of old Plovdiv architecture, reflecting the historical Bulgarian urban landscape. Vazov's works defined Bulgarian national identity during and after liberation from Ottoman rule. This note belongs to the Lev series issued in 1992 following the collapse of communism and Bulgaria's transition to democracy and market economy. The 200 leva denomination was part of the third lev (BGN) which circulated from 1962 to 1999. Due to severe inflation in the 1990s, this currency was replaced by the New Lev in 1999 at a rate of 1000:1. The note features Ivan Vazov, whose literary works celebrating Bulgarian national spirit made him the natural choice to appear on post-communist currency. The traditional lyre symbolizes Bulgaria's ancient Thracian heritage. P-104 bg AE7767589 UNC


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  Bulgaria BGN 200 Issue of 1951 1951 Bulgarian National Bank Georgi Dimitrov Agricultural harvest scene statesman,agriculture,communist_era Georgi Dimitrov (1882–1949), Bulgarian communist leader who served as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 1946 until his death. Previously General Secretary of the Communist International (Comintern) from 1935 to 1943, he is honoured on this note as the founder of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The note features the state emblem of the People's Republic of Bulgaria with the characteristic lion rampant within a wreath, topped by a red star, alongside ornate guilloche patterns and denomination in Cyrillic 'ДВЕСТА ЛЕВА' (200 leva). Agricultural harvest scene depicting a Bulgarian woman gathering wheat sheaves, with baskets of grain and mountains in the background. This imagery represents the socialist emphasis on agricultural collectivization and productivity during the early years of the People's Republic. The denomination appears as 'ДВЕСТА ЛЕВА' (200 leva) with the inscription 'Българска Народна Банка' (Bulgarian National Bank) above. The 1951 series was issued during the early period of communist rule in Bulgaria under Georgi Dimitrov and his successors. These notes featured prominent communist leaders and themes glorifying agricultural and industrial labor. The lev underwent currency reforms in 1952 and 1962, with this issue being replaced during the 1962 reform at a rate of 10:1. Notes from this series are relatively scarce today as most were withdrawn and destroyed during the currency reform. P-87 bg AB 9643809 VF Note shows moderate circulation with some discoloration and aging, particularly visible in the paper's cream tone. Colors remain relatively vibrant with good detail retained.


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  Bulgaria BGN 20 First Lev series 1991 Bulgarian National Bank Управител: [illegible]; Гл. касиер: [illegible] Tsaritsa Desislava Boyana Church monarch,architecture,religion,medieval_history Boyana Church, a medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church located on the outskirts of Sofia. Built in the late 10th century and expanded in the 13th century, it is renowned for its frescoes from 1259 and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The church represents one of the most significant monuments of medieval Bulgarian art and architecture. Tsaritsa Desislava (Desislava of Bulgaria), wife of Tsar Ivan Asen II who ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire from 1218 to 1241. The portrait is based on the 13th-century fresco from Boyana Church showing the royal couple. She represents the cultural and artistic flourishing of medieval Bulgaria during its Second Empire. The reverse also features decorative elements from medieval Bulgarian art. This note belongs to the First Lev series issued by the Bulgarian National Bank in 1991 following the collapse of communist rule and Bulgaria's transition to democracy. Printed in 1991, it circulated during a period of significant economic transformation and hyperinflation. The series was replaced in 1999 when Bulgaria redenominated its currency at a rate of 1,000:1 old leva to new leva due to severe inflation. The 20 leva denomination features medieval Bulgarian history, specifically imagery from the Boyana Church, emphasizing national heritage and cultural continuity. P-100 bg A39405815 UNC


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  Bulgaria BGN 5 Issue of 1974 1974 Bulgarian National Bank Goznak Coat of arms of People's Republic of Bulgaria statesman,architecture,commemorative Panoramic view of an urban/industrial center showing modern apartment buildings and factories in socialist Bulgaria. The cityscape represents the industrialization and urban development promoted during the communist era of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990), emphasizing economic progress and socialist construction. The note features characteristic socialist design motifs including hammer and sickle symbols and ornate decorative borders typical of Eastern Bloc currency design in this period. Coat of arms of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990), featuring the lion rampant within a wreath of wheat, topped with a red star, symbolizing communist rule. The emblem was adopted in 1948 and used until the fall of communism in 1989. The arms represent the agricultural and socialist character of the state during the period when Bulgaria was aligned with the Soviet Union and part of the Warsaw Pact. This note belongs to the Issue of 1974 series issued by the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) during the socialist period of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The series remained in circulation until 1991, when Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and introduced currency reforms following the collapse of communism. The 5 leva denomination was a standard working-class note during this period. The design reflects socialist aesthetic principles with industrial imagery and state symbols. These notes were printed by Goznak in the Soviet Union, as was common for Eastern Bloc currencies during the Cold War era. 95 bg АБ 251725 VF Note shows moderate circulation wear with some staining visible in corners, center fold visible, but overall design elements remain clear and legible


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  Bulgaria BGN 1 Issue of 1974 1974 Bulgarian National Bank Goznak Madara Rider architecture,commemorative,indigenous_culture State coat of arms of the People's Republic of Bulgaria featuring a lion rampant within a wreath of wheat, topped by a red star, dated 1944 at the base. This emblem was adopted after the communist government came to power in September 1944 and symbolizes socialist Bulgaria. The denomination is rendered prominently in both numerals and Cyrillic text ('Един Лев', meaning 'One Lev'). The Madara Rider, an early medieval rock relief carved into the Madara Plateau in northeastern Bulgaria circa 710 CE, depicting a horseman spearing a lion. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of Bulgaria's most significant historical monuments, created during the First Bulgarian Empire under Khan Tervel. The relief has become a national symbol representing Bulgarian state power and continuity from antiquity through the medieval period. This note belongs to the socialist-era currency series issued by the Bulgarian National Bank during the communist period (1946–1989). The 1974 series featured socialist state emblems and national historical monuments, reflecting both ideological messaging and cultural heritage. The lev remained Bulgaria's currency throughout the communist period and continues today, though the 1974 series was withdrawn and replaced following democratic reforms. These notes were demonetized in 1999 during a currency redenomination that introduced the 'new lev' at a rate of 1000:1. P-93a bg BA 610662 F Circulated note with visible handling, creases, and some soiling. Center fold visible. Colors faded.


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  Burundi BIF 10 2007 issue 2007 Banque de la République du Burundi Traditional Burundian basket weaving pattern indigenous_culture,agriculture The coat of arms of Burundi centered on a map outline of the country. The national emblem features a shield with the head of a lion, three spears, and the national motto 'Unité-Travail-Progrès' (Unity-Work-Progress) in French. The coat of arms was adopted in 1966 and represents the Republic's sovereignty and commitment to national unity and development. The map outline emphasizes Burundi's territorial identity as one of Africa's smallest landlocked nations in the Great Lakes region. Traditional Burundian basket weaving pattern representing indigenous craftsmanship and cultural heritage. The geometric circular design reflects the intricate coiled basketry techniques practiced by Burundian artisans, particularly among Tutsi and Hutu communities. These baskets (called 'agaseke') are symbolic of peace, protection, and hospitality in Burundian culture, and the weaving tradition has been recognized by UNESCO. The design emphasizes the national values of unity, work, and progress through cultural preservation. This note is from the 2007 issue of Burundian franc banknotes, part of a series that circulated from 2007 until being replaced by new designs in 2015. The banknotes of this series featured the national coat of arms and emphasized Burundian cultural themes. The Burundian franc has been the country's currency since 1964, following independence from Belgian colonial rule in 1962. This 10 franc denomination represents a low-value note in a country that experienced significant inflation over the decades, though it remained legal tender throughout the 2000s. 33e fr,rn CH2956637 UNC Appears uncirculated with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Burundi BIF 100 2011 series 2011 Banque de la République du Burundi Le 2ème Vice-Gouverneur: [signature]; Le Gouverneur: [signature] Prince Louis Rwagasore Traditional Burundian house construction scene statesman,indigenous_culture,architecture Prince Louis Rwagasore (1932–1961), Burundian nationalist leader, Prime Minister, and national hero who led Burundi's independence movement. Son of King Mwambutsa IV, he founded the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) party and was assassinated shortly after leading his party to victory in legislative elections, just weeks before Burundi's independence from Belgian administration. He is widely honoured as the father of Burundian independence and appears on multiple denominations of Burundian currency. Traditional Burundian house construction scene depicting the building of a traditional dwelling with characteristic brick walls and thatched roof. The scene shows several figures engaged in construction work, representing Burundi's indigenous architectural traditions and communal building practices. The landscape includes palm trees and hills characteristic of Burundi's terrain, with the national motto 'UBUMWE-IBIKORWA-AMAJAMBERE' (Unity-Work-Progress) appearing in a circular seal at left. This 100 Francs note belongs to the 2011 series issued by the Banque de la République du Burundi, dated 01-09-2011. The series continued Burundi's tradition of featuring Prince Louis Rwagasore, the country's independence hero, on its currency. The note displays text in both French and Kirundi, Burundi's two official languages. This series was eventually replaced by newer issues in 2015. The reverse emphasizes traditional Burundian culture and the value of communal work in nation-building. 44a fr,rn RV973996 UNC


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  Cambodia Riel 50 First Riel series Banque Nationale du Cambodge Traditional Cambodian fishing boats architecture,transport,indigenous_culture Angkor Wat, the 12th-century temple complex near Siem Reap built by Khmer King Suryavarman II, the largest religious monument in the world and Cambodia's most iconic national symbol. The temple appears as a masterpiece of classical Khmer architecture with its distinctive five towers representing Mount Meru, home of the gods in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. This image has appeared on nearly every series of Cambodian currency since independence, symbolizing national pride and cultural heritage. Traditional Cambodian fishing boats on the Tonlé Sap or Mekong River, depicting the daily life and subsistence economy of rural Cambodia. The scene shows fishermen in their characteristic long wooden boats with nets, reflecting the central importance of fishing to Cambodian society and the riverine culture that has sustained the Khmer people for millennia. The Tonlé Sap lake and river system is one of the most productive freshwater fisheries in the world. First Riel series issued by the Banque Nationale du Cambodge following independence from France in 1953, replacing the Indochinese piastre at par. The riel circulated from 1956 through the Khmer Republic period until 1975, when the Khmer Rouge regime abolished money entirely. This 50 riels note represents the middle denominations of the series. The currency was reintroduced in 1980 after the fall of the Khmer Rouge. Notes from this series are widely collected as they represent Cambodia's first national currency and the pre-war period. P-7d km,fr 492145 AU Note shows light circulation with minor edge wear and handling; paper is crisp with good color retention; no tears or stains visible.


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  Cambodia Riel 100 First series Banque Nationale du Cambodge Giesecke & Devrient Bayon temple architecture,agriculture,indigenous_culture Agricultural scene depicting Cambodian rice farmers planting in flooded paddy fields, representing the country's primary economic activity and rural life. The vignette shows multiple workers engaged in traditional rice cultivation methods that have sustained Khmer civilization for centuries. The note features ornate guilloche patterns with three circular vignettes and text in both Khmer script and French identifying the issuing authority. The Bayon temple at Angkor Thom, a late 12th-century Buddhist temple built by King Jayavarman VII as the state temple of the Khmer Empire. Famous for its 54 towers decorated with 216 serene stone faces, the Bayon represents the peak of classical Khmer architecture and is one of Cambodia's most iconic monuments. The temple appears on numerous Cambodian banknotes as a symbol of national heritage. This note belongs to the first series of riel issued by the Banque Nationale du Cambodge after Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953. The riel was introduced in 1955 to replace the Indochinese piastre at par. This series circulated through the Kingdom of Cambodia period under King Norodom Sihanouk and the Khmer Republic period. All currency was abolished by the Khmer Rouge in 1975, and notes of this series were demonetized. The riel was not reintroduced until 1980. These notes were printed by Giesecke & Devrient in Munich, as indicated by the printer's imprint on the back. P-13 km,fr យខ626072 XF Note appears in excellent condition with strong colors and sharp details, minimal handling wear


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  Cambodia Riel 100 State of Cambodia series Banque Nationale du Cambodge Traditional Cambodian silk weaver Bayon temple at Angkor Thom indigenous_culture,architecture,agriculture Traditional Cambodian silk weaver at a loom, representing the country's important textile industry and artisan culture. The woman is depicted working with a traditional wooden floor loom, weaving silk fabric using techniques that have been practiced in Cambodia for centuries. This design celebrates the role of women in preserving traditional crafts and Cambodia's reputation for fine silk production. Bayon temple at Angkor Thom, the state temple of Mahayana Buddhist King Jayavarman VII, built in the late 12th century as the architectural centerpiece of his capital city. The temple is famous for its distinctive towers adorned with massive stone faces, with the central tower depicted prominently. Angkor Thom was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer Empire, and Bayon represents the height of Khmer architectural achievement. This note is from the State of Cambodia series issued by the Banque Nationale du Cambodge during the Khmer Republic period (1970–1975). The currency was demonetized when the Khmer Rouge took power in April 1975 and abolished money entirely, destroying the banking system and burning currency in the streets. The riel was not reintroduced until 1980 after the fall of the Khmer Rouge. These notes are historically significant as they represent the last currency of Cambodia before the genocidal regime's radical social restructuring. P-13 km,fr 99619895 AU Note appears to have light circulation with minor handling marks but retains strong original color and crisp paper quality


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  Cambodia Riel 1 First series National Bank of Cambodia Governor: Unknown; Minister of Economy: Unknown Royal Palace in Phnom Penh architecture,monarchy Agricultural scene depicting farmers planting rice in flooded paddy fields, representing Cambodia's traditional agricultural economy and the centrality of rice cultivation to Cambodian culture and livelihood. This imagery was chosen to emphasize the rural character and agrarian foundation of the newly independent Kingdom of Cambodia in the 1950s. The Royal Palace in Phnom Penh (Chan Chaya Pavilion), the official residence of the King of Cambodia since its construction in the 1860s under King Norodom. The palace complex serves as a symbol of the Cambodian monarchy and nation, combining traditional Khmer architecture with French colonial influences; it remains the preeminent symbol of Cambodian sovereignty and royal authority. This note belongs to the first series of the Cambodian riel, introduced in 1955 following Cambodia's independence from France in 1953. The riel replaced the Indochinese piastre at par. This series circulated during the Kingdom of Cambodia period under King Norodom Sihanouk until 1975, when the Khmer Rouge abolished money entirely. The currency was demonetized and destroyed during the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), making these notes historical artifacts of pre-revolutionary Cambodia. A second riel was introduced in 1980 following the fall of the Khmer Rouge. 1 km,fr 628864 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible folds and wear but retains good detail and color


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  Cambodia KHR 500 2014 series 2014 National Bank of Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni Kizuna Bridge monarch,architecture,transport King Norodom Sihamoni (born 1953), current King of Cambodia since 2004. He succeeded his father King Norodom Sihanouk and is depicted in profile on the right side of the note. The Royal Arms of Cambodia appears at center left, featuring the royal crown above a shield with traditional Khmer motifs. The denomination 500 riels is displayed prominently in Khmer numerals and script. Kizuna Bridge (Neak Loeung Bridge) spanning the Mekong River in Kandal Province, Cambodia. This cable-stayed bridge was constructed with Japanese aid and opened in 2015, replacing the old ferry crossing. The scene shows modern traffic including cars crossing the bridge, with the distinctive tower and cable structure prominent. The Independence Monument silhouette appears at right, and palm trees line the roadway, representing Cambodia's modern infrastructure development. The 2014 series of Cambodian riels introduced updated security features and modernized designs while retaining King Norodom Sihamoni's portrait on all denominations. This 500 riel note reflects Cambodia's post-conflict economic recovery and infrastructure modernization, with the Kizuna Bridge symbolizing international cooperation and development. The riel was reintroduced in 1980 after being abolished by the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), and has circulated alongside the US dollar in Cambodia's dual-currency economy. The National Bank of Cambodia continues to issue these notes as legal tender. P-65 km,en 2738999 XF Note shows light circulation with minor handling marks but retains good crispness and color


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  Cambodia KHR 100 2014 series 2014 National Bank of Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni Preah Vihear Temple monarch,architecture,religion King Norodom Sihamoni (born 1953), the current monarch of Cambodia who ascended to the throne in 2004 following the abdication of his father King Norodom Sihanouk. He is portrayed at right wearing traditional Khmer royal attire. At left is a traditional Khmer lion statue (singha), a guardian figure commonly found at Cambodian temples and palaces, representing protection and royal authority. The note bears Khmer script throughout and displays the royal emblem. Preah Vihear Temple, an ancient Khmer temple situated atop a cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains on the border between Cambodia and Thailand. Built primarily during the reigns of Khmer kings Suryavarman I (1006–1050) and Suryavarman II (1113–1150), this Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of Cambodian national pride. At right is a seated Buddha statue, representing Cambodia's dominant Buddhist faith and the synthesis of Hindu and Buddhist traditions in Khmer culture. This note belongs to the 2014 series of Cambodian riel issued by the National Bank of Cambodia, continuing the modern riel currency that was reintroduced in 1980 after the devastating Khmer Rouge period. The 100 riel denomination is one of the lower values in circulation. The series honors King Norodom Sihamoni, who has reigned since 2004, and features important cultural and religious sites reflecting Cambodia's Khmer heritage. The riel circulates alongside the US dollar in Cambodia's dual-currency economy. 65 km,en ៩១៧៧៥១១៧៣ UNC


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  Cambodia KHR 200 2022 series 2022 National Bank of Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni Royal Palace throne hall and classical Apsara dancer statue monarch,architecture,indigenous_culture King Norodom Sihamoni (born 1953), current monarch of Cambodia who ascended to the throne in 2004 following the abdication of his father King Norodom Sihanouk. The portrait shows him in traditional royal attire. To the left appears a Buddha head from Angkor-era sculpture, symbolizing Cambodia's rich Khmer heritage. King Sihamoni is honored on modern Cambodian banknotes as the constitutional head of state. The Royal Palace throne hall in Phnom Penh, the official residence of the King of Cambodia and one of the nation's most important architectural landmarks, built in traditional Khmer style with characteristic tiered roofs and spire. To the right stands a classical Apsara dancer statue, representing the celestial dancers of Khmer mythology and culture immortalized in the bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat. These motifs celebrate Cambodia's royal heritage and classical artistic traditions. This 200 riels note is part of Cambodia's 2022 polymer banknote series issued by the National Bank of Cambodia. The series represents a modernization of Cambodia's currency with enhanced security features including polymer substrate, replacing earlier paper notes. The denomination of 200 riels is a standard mid-value note in Cambodia's monetary system. The design emphasizes national identity through royal symbolism, Khmer architectural heritage, and classical dance traditions that trace back to the Angkorian period. New km,en គ១១៥៩៦៨៩៩ UNC


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  Canada CAD 1 Dollar Centennial Series 1967 Bank of Canada Deputy Governor: J.R. Beattie; Governor: L. Rasminsky British American Bank Note Company and Canadian Bank Note Company Queen Elizabeth II Original Parliament Buildings (Centre Block and East Block) monarch,commemorative,architecture Queen Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022), depicted in a youthful portrait as she appeared in the 1950s-60s. This commemorative note was issued to mark the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1867, with the dates '1867 1967' prominently displayed in red at the top. The centennial symbol, a stylized maple leaf composed of 11 triangles representing all Canadian provinces and territories, appears at left center. This was a special one-year issue replacing the regular 1954 'Devil's Face' and modified portrait series for the centennial year only. The original Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, specifically depicting the Centre Block and East Block as they appeared before the 1916 fire that destroyed the Centre Block. The inscription reads 'CANADA'S FIRST PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS / LE PREMIER ÉDIFICE PARLEMENTAIRE DU CANADA.' This Victorian Gothic Revival structure, designed by Thomas Fuller and Chilion Jones, was completed in 1866 and served as the seat of the new Canadian federal government from Confederation in 1867 until the fire. The current Centre Block with its Peace Tower was rebuilt between 1916 and 1927. The 1967 Centennial Series was a special commemorative issue released exclusively in 1967 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. All denominations from $1 to $1000 featured the centennial dates and special reverse designs depicting significant moments or places in Canadian history. The $1 note shows the original Parliament Buildings to honour the birthplace of Canadian federal democracy. These notes were printed by both the British American Bank Note Company and the Canadian Bank Note Company. The series was withdrawn in favor of the 1969-75 'Scenes of Canada' series, and the $1 note was eventually replaced by the 'Loonie' coin in 1987-89. The Centennial $1 is one of the most collected Canadian notes due to its historical significance and attractive design. P-84a en,fr AU Note appears to have minor handling with slight edge wear and possible light center fold, but retains most of its original crispness and color.


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  Canada CAD 1 Centennial Series 1967 Bank of Canada Deputy Governor: R.B. Beattie; Governor: L. Rasminsky Canadian Bank Note Company Queen Elizabeth II Centre Block of Parliament monarch,architecture,commemorative Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022), Queen of Canada from 1952 to 2022. This commemorative note was issued for the centennial of Canadian Confederation, marking 100 years since the British North America Act of 1867 united the provinces into the Dominion of Canada. The dates '1867 1967' appear prominently, along with a stylized centennial symbol consisting of triangles arranged in a maple leaf pattern. The original Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, as it appeared before the 1916 fire. Completed in 1866, this Gothic Revival structure housed Canada's first federal parliament when Confederation was achieved in 1867. The building depicted here was destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916; only the Library of Parliament survived. The current Centre Block, with its iconic Peace Tower, was completed in 1927. This is part of the 1967 Centennial Series issued exclusively to commemorate Canada's 100th anniversary of Confederation. All denominations in this special series featured the dates '1867 1967' and the distinctive centennial emblem. The $1 note was particularly significant as it paired the reigning monarch with the historic parliament building where Confederation took shape. These notes were printed throughout 1967 and circulated alongside the regular 1954 'Devil's Face' and modified portrait series. The centennial series was withdrawn after 1967, making it a single-year issue. All signatures on this series are those of Bank of Canada Governor Louis Rasminsky and Deputy Governor Robert Beattie. 84a en,fr UNC Crisp uncirculated note with excellent centering and no visible handling marks


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  Transnistria Transnistrian ruble 1 2007 series 2007 Pridnestrovian Republican Bank Goznak Alexander Suvorov Dniester River landscape with Bendery Fortress military,statesman,architecture Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730–1800), one of the greatest military commanders in Russian history who never lost a battle. Generalissimo of the Russian Empire, he is celebrated for his victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars and his legendary Alpine campaign of 1799. Suvorov is depicted wearing military decorations including the Order of St. George and other imperial honors. He is honored on Transnistrian currency due to his historical connection to the region, particularly his role in the Russo-Turkish Wars and the siege of Bendery Fortress. Scenic view of the Dniester River with Bendery (Bender) Fortress visible in the background. The fortress, originally built in the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire, was the site of important military engagements including Suvorov's operations in the region. The landscape represents the natural beauty of the Dniester region, which gives Transnistria its name (literally 'beyond the Dniester'). A solitary tree stands in the foreground, symbolizing resilience and the region's natural heritage. The 2007 series of Transnistrian rubles replaced the earlier 1994-2000 series with updated designs and enhanced security features. Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova but operating with de facto independence since 1992. The currency features historical figures connected to the region's complex past, particularly emphasizing Russian Imperial history. Alexander Suvorov appears on the 1 ruble note due to his military campaigns in the region during the 18th century. The series was printed by Goznak in Russia and remains in circulation as legal tender within Transnistria. 42 ru BC 8059013 UNC


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  Chile CLP 1 Escudo Escudo series Banco Central de Chile Presidente; Gerente General Casa de Moneda de Chile Arturo Prat Founding of Santiago military,statesman,commemorative Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879), Chilean naval hero and lawyer who commanded the corvette Esmeralda during the Battle of Iquique in the War of the Pacific. He died heroically boarding the Peruvian ironclad Huáscar on May 21, 1879, becoming Chile's most celebrated naval martyr and a symbol of national courage and sacrifice. His portrait has appeared on multiple Chilean banknote series. The founding of Santiago in 1541 by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, depicting the ceremonial establishment of the city with soldiers, indigenous peoples, and the raising of flags. The scene represents the colonial origins of Chile's capital and the beginning of Spanish settlement in the central valley, a pivotal moment in Chilean history that established Santiago as the administrative center of the Captaincy General of Chile. This note is part of the Escudo series issued by the Banco Central de Chile from 1960 to 1975. The Escudo replaced the old Peso at a rate of 1 Escudo = 1,000 Pesos in 1960 as part of a monetary reform to combat inflation. The series featured prominent Chilean historical figures and national symbols. The Escudo itself was later replaced by the current Chilean Peso in 1975 at a rate of 1 Peso = 1,000 Escudos during another period of economic restructuring. Printed by Casa de Moneda de Chile, these notes represent mid-20th century Chilean currency design and honor the nation's naval heritage through the portrait of Arturo Prat, who remains one of Chile's most revered national heroes. 135 es 1784351 XF Note appears crisp with good color retention, minor handling evident


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  Chile Escudo ½ Escudo Escudo series Banco Central de Chile Presidente: Carlos Vial; Gerente General: (illegible) Casa de Moneda de Chile Bernardo O'Higgins Arrival of Diego de Almagro to Chile statesman,military,indigenous_culture Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (1778–1842), Chilean independence leader and the first Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823). O'Higgins was a central figure in Chile's liberation from Spanish colonial rule, leading the Chilean forces alongside José de San Martín; he is revered as the founding father of independent Chile and appears on numerous Chilean banknotes. The portrait is set within an ornate oval guilloche frame, flanked by two signatures titled 'Presidente' and 'Gerente General'. The arrival of Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro to Chile in 1536, depicting Almagro with his expedition and indigenous peoples. This historical scene commemorates the first Spanish entrada into Chilean territory from Peru, marking the beginning of Spanish presence in Chile. The inscription 'LLEGADA DE ALMAGRO A CHILE' (Arrival of Almagro to Chile) identifies the scene, which was a common motif on Chilean Escudo banknotes celebrating foundational historical moments. This ½ Escudo note belongs to the Escudo series issued by the Banco Central de Chile from 1960 to 1975. The Escudo replaced the Peso at a rate of 1 Escudo = 1,000 Pesos in 1960 as part of monetary reform to combat inflation. The series featured Chilean historical figures and scenes from the nation's colonial and independence periods. The Escudo itself was replaced by the current Chilean Peso in 1975 at a rate of 1 Peso = 1,000 Escudos. Printed by Casa de Moneda de Chile, these notes are recognizable by their intricate guilloche patterns and historical vignettes celebrating Chile's heritage. 134 es 586704 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible center fold, some edge wear, and minor soiling; paper integrity intact with no tears.


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  Chile Chilean Escudo 10 Escudos Escudo series Banco Central de Chile Casa de Moneda de Chile José Manuel Balmaceda Abrazo de Maipú statesman,military,commemorative José Manuel Balmaceda (1840–1891), Chilean statesman and the 10th President of Chile (1886–1891). A liberal reformer who promoted education, public works, and railroad expansion, he died by suicide following defeat in the 1891 Chilean Civil War. His portrait appears in profile at right, engraved by J.M. Balmaceda (namesake but different person). Serial number 1663226 with prefix A3 appears at left. The Abrazo de Maipú (Embrace of Maipú), a historic meeting between independence leaders Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín following the decisive Battle of Maipú on April 5, 1818, which secured Chilean independence from Spain. The scene depicts soldiers on horseback with flags and troops in the background. The Chilean coat of arms with the motto 'Por la razón o la fuerza' (By reason or by force) appears at lower right. This note belongs to the Chilean Escudo series issued 1960–1975 by the Banco Central de Chile. The Escudo replaced the old peso at a rate of 1 Escudo = 1,000 old pesos in 1960 as part of monetary reform. The currency was withdrawn in 1975 and replaced by the current Chilean peso at 1 peso = 1,000 escudos during the military government's economic restructuring. The 10 Escudos note was a common circulating denomination during this period of significant inflation. 142 es 1663226 XF Note appears crisp with strong colors and detail. Minor handling evidence but no significant folds or defects visible.


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  China Jilin Province Local Grain Coupon 0.2 Jilin Province Local Grain Coupon Series 1975 Jilin Province Local Government Fengman Dam agriculture,industry Jilin Province local grain coupon (粮票 liángpiào) for 0.2 units. These coupons were part of China's planned economy rationing system used from the 1950s through the early 1990s to control the distribution of grain and other essential commodities. The inscription '吉林省地方粮票' (Jilin Province Local Grain Coupon) identifies this as a provincial-level ration document used in Jilin Province in northeast China. Terms and conditions of use printed in Chinese with red official seal/stamp at center. These coupons functioned as a parallel currency system alongside renminbi, required for purchasing rationed goods. The decorative border and denomination '02' appear at left and right edges. Such grain coupons were essential documents for daily life in socialist China until market reforms eliminated the rationing system. Chinese grain coupons (粮票) were a critical component of the planned economy rationing system implemented from approximately 1955 to 1993. Provincial and local governments issued their own coupons, which were required alongside cash to purchase grain, cooking oil, and other staples. Jilin Province, located in northeast China and a major agricultural region, issued local coupons like this one for use within its jurisdiction. The system was gradually phased out during economic reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s, with most coupons becoming obsolete by 1993. Today these items are collectible ephemera documenting China's planned economy period. zh VF Note appears to have handling wear consistent with use as a rationing document


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  China Foreign Exchange Certificate Yuan 0.10 Yuan (10 Fen) Foreign Exchange Certificate Series 1979 Bank of China Huangguoshu Waterfall architecture,wildlife Bank of China Foreign Exchange Certificate for 10 Fen (0.10 Yuan). These certificates were issued by the People's Republic of China specifically for use by foreign visitors and overseas Chinese, equivalent in value to the domestic Renminbi but restricted to designated places within China. The front displays text in both English and Chinese stating the certificate's equivalence to Renminbi Yuan and restrictions on its use, with the denomination shown as 'TEN FEN' in English and '0.10' in numerals. Huangguoshu Waterfall (黄果树瀑布), located in Anshun, Guizhou Province, China. This is one of the largest waterfalls in China and East Asia, with a height of 77.8 meters and width of 101 meters. The waterfall has been a celebrated natural landmark since ancient times and represents China's natural beauty and tourist attractions, appropriate for a certificate intended for foreign visitors. Foreign Exchange Certificates (FEC) were issued by the Bank of China from 1979 to 1995 as part of China's early economic reform period. These certificates were mandatory for foreign tourists, diplomats, and overseas Chinese to use instead of regular Renminbi, creating a dual currency system. FECs could be used at Friendship Stores, hotels, and other designated locations to purchase goods not available to ordinary Chinese citizens. The system was abolished on January 1, 1995, as China moved toward currency convertibility and market reforms. The 1979 series featured various Chinese scenic locations and came in denominations from 1 Fen to 100 Yuan. FX1 en,zh YD0271282 VF Note shows signs of circulation with visible wear and aging to the paper, slight discoloration, but design remains clear and intact.


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  China CNY 1 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Gaoshan and Manchu ethnic minorities National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Representatives of the Gaoshan (indigenous people of Taiwan) and Manchu ethnic minorities, depicted as part of the Fourth series' celebration of China's multi-ethnic composition. The Gaoshan are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China, primarily inhabiting Taiwan and coastal Fujian province. The Manchu are the historic people of Manchuria who established the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). This series systematically featured pairs of ethnic minorities on each denomination to symbolize national unity and diversity under the People's Republic. The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China, featuring Tiananmen Gate surmounted by five stars and encircled by sheaves of grain with a cogwheel at the base. Adopted in 1950, the emblem symbolizes the revolutionary struggle and the unity of the Chinese people under Communist Party leadership. The five stars represent the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party. The date '1980' indicates the series year. This note belongs to the Fourth series of Renminbi, authorized in 1987 and gradually withdrawn beginning in 1997, with final demonetization on May 1, 2018. The series is notable for being the first to feature ethnic minority representations on the lower denominations (1, 2, and 5 jiao notes), each showing pairs of China's 56 recognized ethnic groups. The 1 jiao note depicts the Gaoshan and Manchu peoples. The series was issued during China's early reform and opening-up period under Deng Xiaoping, a time of economic transformation following the Cultural Revolution. The multilingual inscriptions on the reverse (Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Zhuang) reflect constitutional provisions for ethnic minority languages. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za FAS06998 UNC


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  China CNY 5 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Miao and Zhuang women National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Two women from China's ethnic minorities: a Miao woman (left) and a Zhuang woman (right). The Miao and Zhuang are among China's 55 officially recognized ethnic minority groups; the Zhuang are the largest minority nationality in China, primarily residing in Guangxi, while the Miao are distributed across southwestern provinces. This note is part of the Fourth series of Renminbi which systematically featured portraits of ethnic minorities to represent China's multi-ethnic national identity. The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars, encircled by sheaves of grain and a cogwheel. Adopted in 1950, the emblem symbolizes the Chinese Communist Revolution and the unity of the Chinese people under the Communist Party. The year '1980' appears below the emblem, indicating the series year. The denomination is written in Chinese, Pinyin romanization, and four minority scripts: Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Arabic script), and Zhuang (Latin script). The Fourth series of Renminbi was approved for production in 1987 and issued gradually between 1987 and 1997, remaining in circulation until full withdrawal on May 1, 2018. This series was notable for systematically featuring portraits of China's ethnic minorities on all denominations to emphasize national unity and multi-ethnic harmony. The 5 Jiao note depicts women from the Miao and Zhuang ethnic groups. The series was gradually replaced by the Fifth series beginning in 1999, and all Fourth series notes were officially demonetized in 2018. P-883b zh,mn,bo,ug SL17608794 UNC


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  China Renminbi (Yuan) 1 Jiao Fourth Series 1980 People's Bank of China Gaoshan and Manchu ethnic representatives indigenous_culture The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars, surrounded by sheaves of grain and cogwheel. The date '1980' appears below the emblem. The denomination is inscribed in Chinese characters, Pinyin romanization, and four minority scripts: Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang, reflecting China's multi-ethnic character and the policy of representing national minorities on the Fourth Series banknotes. Gaoshan and Manchu ethnic representatives depicted in profile at left, representing two of China's officially recognized ethnic minority groups. The Gaoshan are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, while the Manchu are historically significant as the ruling ethnic group of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). The characters '壹角' (one jiao) appear in a diamond pattern at center right, surrounded by traditional geometric designs common to minority ethnic art. The Fourth Series of the Renminbi was issued from 1987 to 1997 (with 1980 and 1990 dates) and circulated until 2018. This series was notable for prominently featuring China's ethnic minorities on all denominations, reflecting the Communist Party's emphasis on national unity and the inclusion of the 55 officially recognized minority nationalities alongside the Han majority. The 1 jiao note was among the smallest denominations and widely circulated for everyday transactions. The series was gradually replaced by the Fifth Series beginning in 1999, and was officially withdrawn from circulation on May 1, 2018. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za XF Note shows minor circulation wear but retains strong detail and color; slight handling evident at edges


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  China CNY 2 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Buyi and Korean ethnic minority women National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Two women representing ethnic minorities of China: a Buyi woman (left) and a Korean woman (right). The Fourth Series of the Renminbi prominently featured China's ethnic diversity, with different denominations depicting various minority nationalities to symbolize national unity and the multi-ethnic character of the People's Republic. The denomination '贰角' (2 jiao) appears at right in traditional Chinese characters. The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars, encircled by sheaves of grain and a cogwheel. The emblem was adopted in 1950 and symbolizes the alliance of workers and peasants under the leadership of the Communist Party. The denomination appears in Chinese (贰角), Pinyin romanization (ERJIAO), and minority scripts including Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang along the bottom edge, reflecting China's linguistic diversity. This note belongs to the Fourth Series of the Renminbi, issued between 1987 and 1997 but dated 1980. The series was notable for its emphasis on China's ethnic diversity, with each denomination featuring different minority nationalities. The 2 jiao denomination specifically depicted Buyi and Korean women. This series circulated during China's period of economic reform and opening up under Deng Xiaoping. The Fourth Series was gradually withdrawn starting in 2018 and fully demonetized by May 1, 2019, replaced by the Fifth Series which began circulation in 1999. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za JB47960091 VF Moderate circulation with visible creases and some soiling, particularly on the reverse. Paper remains intact with no tears.


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  China CNY 2 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Buyi and Korean ethnic minorities National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Two young women representing China's ethnic minorities: a Buyi woman (left, with traditional headdress) and a Korean woman (right). The Fourth series of Renminbi, issued from 1987 to 2018, was notable for featuring portraits of China's ethnic minorities rather than political leaders, reflecting the multi-ethnic character of the People's Republic. The Buyi are one of the 55 officially recognized ethnic minority groups in China, primarily residing in Guizhou Province, while ethnic Koreans (Chaoxianzu) live mainly in northeastern China. The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate below five stars, encircled by grain sheaves and a gear wheel, symbolizing the worker-peasant alliance under Communist Party leadership. The emblem was adopted in 1950 and appears on all PRC banknotes. The design includes decorative patterns and the year 1980, with 'ZHONGGUO RENMIN YINHANG' (People's Bank of China) in Latin script at top and the denomination 'ER JIAO' (two jiao) at right. The Fourth series of Renminbi was approved in 1987 and officially issued beginning April 27, 1987, though this note bears the series year 1980. It was the first series to feature ethnic minorities rather than workers, peasants, or political figures, emphasizing China's policy of ethnic unity. The 2 jiao note remained in circulation until May 1, 2018, when the People's Bank of China announced withdrawal of the Fourth series from circulation, replaced by coins and the Fifth series notes. This series coincided with China's economic reform period under Deng Xiaoping. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za,en GJ32002407 UNC


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  China CNY 5 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Miao and Zhuang women National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Two women from China's ethnic minorities, specifically Miao and Zhuang nationalities. The Fourth series of Renminbi (1987–1997) featured ethnic minorities on lower denominations to represent China's multi-ethnic identity and national unity policy. The Miao are known for their elaborate silver jewelry and embroidered costumes, while the Zhuang are China's largest ethnic minority group, predominantly residing in Guangxi. The denomination '五角' (wu jiao, 5 jiao) appears at right in an ornate circular design. The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring five stars above Tiananmen Gate surrounded by a wreath of grain stalks and a cogwheel, symbolizing the unity of the Chinese people under Communist Party leadership and the worker-peasant alliance. The emblem is rendered in brown tones within a radiating sunburst design. Text appears in Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Arabic script), and Zhuang (Latin script) at bottom, reflecting China's multilingual character. The date '1980' appears below the emblem. The Fourth series of Renminbi was issued between 1987 and 1997, though dated 1980. This series was the first to systematically feature China's ethnic minorities on the lower denominations (1, 2, and 5 jiao notes), representing the government's emphasis on national unity and the 'harmonious family' of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. The 5 jiao note depicts Miao and Zhuang women. The series was gradually withdrawn starting in the late 1990s with the introduction of the Fifth series, and was fully demonetized on May 1, 2018. This particular denomination is common in the collectors' market. P-883a zh,mn,bo,ug,za CSYF21882 XF Note shows light handling with good color retention and sharp details. Minor edge wear visible.


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  China CNY 5 Fourth Series Renminbi 1980 People's Bank of China China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation Tibetan and Hui ethnic minority representatives Yangtze River Three Gorges indigenous_culture,architecture Representatives of the Tibetan and Hui ethnic minorities of China, depicted as part of the Fourth Series design philosophy celebrating the nation's 56 ethnic groups. The Tibetan man wears a traditional fur-lined robe while the Hui woman wears traditional dress with earrings. This design reflects the People's Republic's policy of recognizing and honoring its diverse ethnic populations. The National Emblem of China appears at upper left, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars, encircled by wheat ears and a cogwheel. The Yangtze River Three Gorges (长江三峡), one of China's most celebrated natural landmarks. The scene depicts the dramatic limestone cliffs rising from the river, a landscape that has inspired Chinese poets and painters for millennia. The Three Gorges stretch approximately 200 kilometers through Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges. The denomination appears in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang scripts along the bottom, reflecting China's multilingual policy. The Fourth Series Renminbi was designed in the late 1970s and issued from 1987, though dated 1980 on the notes. It was the first series to feature ethnic minority portraits, replacing earlier designs focused on workers, peasants, and soldiers. The 5 yuan note was printed until replaced by the Fifth Series beginning in 1999. This series was officially demonetized on May 1, 2019, though exchange at banks remained possible. P-886 zh,mn,bo,ug,za,en WA54408988 AU Minor handling marks, generally crisp with good color retention


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  China CNY 10 Yuan Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Han and Mongol ethnic representatives Mount Everest indigenous_culture,wildlife,architecture Portraits of a Han Chinese man and a Mongol man representing China's ethnic diversity. The Fourth series renminbi (1987–2018) was the first to feature portraits of ethnic minorities rather than political leaders, symbolizing national unity and the multi-ethnic character of the People's Republic. Each denomination depicts different ethnic groups from China's officially recognized 56 nationalities, emphasizing cultural harmony and socialist inclusiveness. Mount Everest (Chomolungma/Sagarmatha), the world's highest peak at 8,848 metres, located on the China-Nepal border in the Himalayas. Known in Tibetan as Chomolungma ('Goddess Mother of the World') and measured from the Chinese side, Everest has been a symbol of China's territorial extent and natural majesty. The mountain appears on this denomination as part of the Fourth series' theme of showcasing China's diverse landscapes and natural wonders. The Fourth series renminbi was issued between 1987 and 1997 (dates printed 1980, 1990, 1996) and circulated until full demonetization on May 1, 2019. This series marked a significant shift in Chinese banknote design philosophy, replacing portraits of political figures with depictions of China's ethnic minorities and natural landscapes. The 10 yuan note specifically features Han and Mongol representatives on the obverse and Mount Everest on the reverse. The text includes Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang scripts, reflecting the multilingual nature of the People's Republic. This series coincided with China's economic reforms and opening-up period under Deng Xiaoping. P-329 zh,mn,bo,ug,za NS22185194 UNC


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  China CNY 1 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Gaoshan and Manchu ethnic representatives National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Representatives of the Gaoshan (indigenous people of Taiwan) and Manchu ethnic groups, two of China's 56 officially recognized ethnic minorities. The Fourth series renminbi prominently featured ethnic diversity, with each denomination depicting different minority nationalities to symbolize the unity of the multi-ethnic People's Republic of China. The portraits represent China's policy of ethnic inclusion and the equal status of all nationalities within the state. National Emblem of the People's Republic of China, featuring Tiananmen Gate, five stars above representing the Communist Party and the four social classes, surrounded by sheaves of grain and a cogwheel symbolizing agriculture and industry. The date 1980 appears below the emblem. Text in multiple languages including Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Zhuang, and Latin script reflects China's linguistic diversity and constitutional recognition of minority languages. The Fourth series renminbi was issued from 1987 to 1997 (though dated 1980, 1990, and 1996 depending on denomination) by the People's Bank of China to replace the Third series. This 1 jiao note was part of the initial 1980-dated emission. The series was notable for its emphasis on ethnic unity, with each denomination featuring portraits of different ethnic minority groups. The Fourth series was gradually withdrawn starting in 2018, with the 1 jiao note officially demonetized on May 1, 2018, though higher denominations remain exchangeable. This series circulated during China's period of economic reform and opening up under Deng Xiaoping. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za QL58110386 AU Note appears crisp with minimal handling, slight wear at edges


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  China CNY 1 Yuan Fourth series 1996 People's Bank of China Dong and Yao ethnic minorities Great Wall of China at Badaling indigenous_culture,architecture,commemorative Representatives of the Dong and Yao ethnic minority groups of China. The Dong people are known for their distinctive wooden architecture and polyphonic singing traditions, primarily residing in southeastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi. The Yao people are one of China's 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities, with a population dispersed across southern China and Southeast Asia. This note is part of the Fourth series of the Renminbi, which featured various ethnic minorities to emphasize China's multi-ethnic national unity. The Great Wall of China at Badaling, the most visited section of the Great Wall, located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Originally built during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the Badaling section was restored in 1957 and has become an iconic symbol of Chinese civilization and engineering achievement. The Great Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Fourth series of the Renminbi, issued from 1987 to 2018 and formally demonetized on May 1, 2019. The 1 Yuan note of this series was first issued in 1988, with the 1996 date representing a later printing within the series. This series was notable for featuring portraits of ethnic minorities rather than political leaders, reflecting the People's Republic's policy of promoting national unity among China's diverse ethnic groups. The series was gradually replaced by the Fifth series beginning in 1999, though both circulated concurrently for many years. P-884 zh,mn,bo,ug,za YE44846744 XF Note shows minor handling with good color retention and detail preservation


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  China CNY 1 Yuan Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Dong and Yao ethnic minority women Great Wall of China at Badaling indigenous_culture,architecture Portraits of two young women representing the Dong and Yao ethnic minorities of China. The Dong people are primarily found in Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi provinces, known for their distinctive architecture and polyphonic singing tradition; the Yao people inhabit mountainous regions of southern China and are recognized for their colorful traditional dress and elaborate silver jewelry. This design was part of the Fourth Series' effort to represent China's ethnic diversity, with different denominations featuring different minority groups. The Great Wall of China at Badaling, the most visited section of the Wall, located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Originally built during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), this section was restored in 1957 and became the first part opened to tourists. The Great Wall, stretching over 21,000 kilometers, is one of China's most iconic symbols and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, representing the country's ancient military defense system and engineering prowess. Fourth series of the Renminbi, issued between 1987 and 1997 (though dated 1980 and 1990), replacing the Third Series. This series was notable for featuring portraits of ethnic minorities rather than worker-peasant-soldier imagery, reflecting China's policy of ethnic unity and recognition of its 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. The 1 Yuan note specifically depicts Dong and Yao women. The series incorporated improved anti-counterfeiting features including watermarks, security threads, and microprinting. It was gradually withdrawn starting in 2018, with complete demonetization on May 1, 2018, replaced by the Fifth Series. P-884 zh,bo,ug,mn,za UI25358665 XF Note appears to have light circulation with good color retention and sharp details. Minor handling evident.


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  China Yuan 10 Bank of China 1937 series 1937 Bank of China General Manager: signature present; Manager: signature present Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited, London Sun Yat-sen Bank of China headquarters building statesman,architecture,banking Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), founding father of the Republic of China, provisional first president, and leader of the 1911 revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty. His portrait appears at left on this Bank of China note, which was issued during the Republican era and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The inscription reads '中國銀行' (Bank of China) and '拾圓' (Ten Yuan), with the date '中華民國二十六年印' (Republic of China Year 26, 1937). The Bank of China headquarters building in Shanghai, a prominent Art Deco structure completed in 1936 at No. 23 on the Bund. This building symbolized China's modern banking sector during the Republican period and served as the bank's main office. The reverse displays 'BANK OF CHINA' and 'TEN YUAN NATIONAL CURRENCY' in English, with the year 1937 at bottom and printer's imprint. This note belongs to the Bank of China's 1937 series, issued during the Republic of China period under the Nationalist government. The year 1937 marked the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, a period of significant economic turmoil. The Bank of China was one of four major note-issuing banks in Republican China, alongside the Central Bank of China, Bank of Communications, and Farmers Bank of China. These notes were printed by Thomas De La Rue in London, reflecting the internationalization of Chinese currency production during this era. The series remained in use until the Communist victory in 1949, after which the currency was replaced by the renminbi issued by the People's Bank of China. P-81 zh,en AF529115 VF Note shows signs of circulation with visible creasing and fold marks. Colors remain relatively strong. Some minor edge wear and soiling present.


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  China CNY 1 Jiao Fourth series Renminbi 1980 People's Bank of China Gaoshan and Manchu ethnic minorities National Emblem of the People's Republic of China indigenous_culture Portraits of a Gaoshan man and Manchu woman, representing two of China's ethnic minority groups. The Gaoshan (高山族) are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, while the Manchu (满族) are the ethnic group that founded the Qing Dynasty. This design was part of the People's Republic of China's Fourth Series effort to showcase the country's ethnic diversity across its banknote denominations, with different minority groups featured on each value. National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars, encircled by sheaves of grain and a cogwheel. The year 1980 appears below the emblem. The text includes the bank name 'ZHONGGUO RENMIN YINHANG' in pinyin, with multilingual denominations in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang scripts along the bottom edge, reflecting China's linguistic diversity. This 1 Jiao note belongs to the Fourth Series of the Renminbi, issued between 1987 and 1997 (though dated 1980). The series was the first to be developed entirely by Chinese designers and technicians without foreign assistance. It introduced enhanced security features and emphasized ethnic unity by featuring portraits of China's ethnic minorities. The Fourth Series was gradually withdrawn from circulation starting in 2018, with complete demonetization on May 1, 2018. This series bridged China's transition from a planned economy to market reforms under Deng Xiaoping. P-882 zh,mn,bo,ug,za MU00YN8917 UNC Appears to be uncirculated with sharp corners and no visible wear or folds


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  China CNY 5 Yuan Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation Miao and Zhuang ethnic minorities Wulingyuan scenic area (Zhangjiajie National Forest Park) indigenous_culture,wildlife,architecture Portraits of two women representing China's ethnic minorities: a Miao woman (left) and a Zhuang woman (right), both in traditional dress and headdress. The Miao and Zhuang are among China's largest minority ethnic groups, concentrated in the southern provinces. This design was part of the Fourth series Renminbi's emphasis on representing China's ethnic diversity and national unity, with each denomination featuring different minority groups. Wulingyuan scenic area in Hunan Province, showing the distinctive sandstone pillars and peaks of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is famous for its quartzite-sandstone pillars rising over 200 meters, formed over 400 million years through erosion. The site later gained international fame as inspiration for the floating mountains in the film Avatar (2009). The area encompasses over 3,000 such pillars across 264 square kilometers. Fourth series Renminbi, issued 1987–1997 with designs approved in 1980, officially withdrawn from circulation May 1, 2018. This series was the first to feature China's ethnic minorities as portrait subjects rather than solely Han Chinese workers or political figures, reflecting the policy of national unity and recognition of China's 56 ethnic groups. The 5 yuan note was among the most widely circulated denominations during China's economic reform period of the 1980s–1990s. The series was gradually replaced by the Fifth series beginning in 1999, with advanced anti-counterfeiting features. P-886 zh,mn,bo,ug,za TA21980007 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible folds and handling marks, minor soiling, good color retention


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  China CNY 2 Jiao Fourth series 1980 People's Bank of China Buyi and Korean ethnic minorities Yi and Korean ethnic minority women indigenous_culture The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China at center, featuring Tiananmen Gate beneath five stars with sheaves of wheat and a cogwheel, symbolizing the unity of workers and peasants under Communist Party leadership. The emblem is framed by decorative geometric patterns. Text in five scripts appears along the bottom: Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Arabic script), Zhuang (Latin script), and Chinese characters, reflecting China's multinational character. Date 1980 printed below emblem. Yi and Korean ethnic minority women in profile, representing two of China's 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities. The Yi woman wears a traditional black and white headdress with ornamental silver pieces characteristic of Liangshan Yi costume, while the Korean woman is shown in traditional dress. This design is part of the Fourth Series theme of ethnic unity and China's diverse cultural heritage. The denomination 贰角 (2 jiao) appears at right. The Fourth Series of renminbi was issued between 1987 and 1997, though notes bear dates from 1980, 1990, and 1996 depending on denomination. This series was notable for featuring ethnic minorities on several denominations to emphasize national unity and multiculturalism. The 2 jiao note specifically depicts Yi and Korean women. The series was gradually withdrawn starting in 2018 as the Fifth Series replaced it. This 1980-dated 2 jiao was among the first Fourth Series notes released in 1988. P-885 zh,mn,bo,ug,za JZ89978246 VF Note shows circulation with visible creases and slight discoloration, but overall design remains intact


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  Colombia COP 20 Peso Oro series 1983 Banco de la República Gerente: [illegible]; Secretario: [illegible] Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited Francisco José de Caldas Museo del Oro pre-Columbian artifacts scientist,indigenous_culture,archaeology Francisco José de Caldas (1768–1816), Colombian scientist, military engineer, geographer, botanist, and astronomer known as 'El Sabio' (The Wise Man). He conducted pioneering research on the geography of New Granada, discovered the relationship between altitude and boiling point of water, and was executed by Spanish royalist forces during the wars of independence. Depicted with a celestial globe representing his astronomical work, accompanied by scientific instruments. The note is issued by Banco de la República and dated January 1, 1983. Pre-Columbian gold artifacts from the Museo del Oro (Gold Museum) in Bogotá, one of the world's most important collections of pre-Hispanic metallurgy. Featured are representative pieces including anthropomorphic figurines, ceremonial vessels, and ornamental objects from indigenous cultures including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Calima peoples. The medallion at top center bears the text 'BANCO DE LA REPUBLICA BOGOTA COLOMBIA' surrounding a classical female head. These artifacts represent Colombia's rich indigenous heritage and advanced goldworking techniques developed centuries before European contact. This note belongs to the Peso Oro series issued by the Banco de la República between 1973 and 1991. The Peso Oro (Gold Peso) was Colombia's currency from 1871 to 1993, when it was replaced by the current Colombian peso at par. The 20 Peso Oro denomination featuring Francisco José de Caldas was part of a series honoring prominent Colombian intellectuals and scientists. Caldas is particularly revered in Colombian history as a martyr of independence and pioneer of scientific investigation in South America. The reverse's focus on the Museo del Oro reflects national pride in Colombia's pre-Columbian heritage and the country's status as a major gold-producing region since ancient times. 409d es 05959315 UNC Crisp, uncirculated note with sharp printing and no signs of wear or handling


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  Colombia Peso oro 10 Peso oro series Banco de la República Gerente: R. García; Secretario: Francisco J. Ortiz Antonio Nariño San Agustín Archaeological Park statues statesman,indigenous_culture,architecture Antonio Nariño (1765–1824), Colombian ideologist and precursor of independence who translated and published the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1794, leading to his imprisonment and exile; he served as Vice President of Cundinamarca and is honored as a national hero for his role in Colombia's independence movement. At right, a Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), Colombia's largest raptor and a symbol of national fauna. The note includes ornamental elements and a central medallion with the denomination. San Agustín Archaeological Park in Huila Department, a UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring pre-Columbian stone statues and monuments created by the San Agustín culture between the 1st and 8th centuries CE. The scene depicts multiple anthropomorphic stone sculptures characteristic of this ancient civilization, representing one of South America's most important archaeological sites with over 500 monumental statues. Part of the peso oro series issued by the Banco de la República from 1973 to 1992, this denomination was printed with various dates throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The peso oro was replaced by the modern Colombian peso in 1993 following monetary reform. The 10 pesos oro note circulated widely during a period of relative economic stability before hyperinflation concerns led to the currency's eventual replacement. The series featured Colombian patriots and national symbols to promote cultural identity. 407g es 78988694 VF Note shows moderate circulation with visible wear, some soiling, and slight discoloration/staining particularly in the white areas. Edges show handling wear. Overall structure intact with no major tears.


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  Democratic Republic of the Congo CDF 50 Franc Congolais 2003-2013 issue 2007 Banque Centrale du Congo Le Gouverneur: signature present Okapi Fishing village on the Congo River wildlife,indigenous_culture,transport,architecture Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), a forest giraffe endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Ituri Rainforest. The okapi was unknown to Western science until 1901 and has become a national symbol of the DRC, representing the country's unique biodiversity and natural heritage. The animal appears in profile at left, with the Banque Centrale du Congo emblem at center showing the okapi symbol within a stylized design. A traditional fishing village on the banks of the Congo River, identified by the inscription 'UN VILLAGE DE PÊCHEURS AU BORD DU FLEUVE CONGO' (A fishing village on the banks of the Congo River). The scene depicts traditional stilt houses with thatched roofs along the riverbank, with canoes and fishing nets visible, representing the artisanal fishing communities that have subsisted along the Congo River for centuries. The text 'MAKUMI TANO' (fifty in Lingala) appears at lower right. This note belongs to the Franc Congolais series issued from 2003-2013 following the replacement of the Nouveau Zaïre in 1998. The franc congolais was reintroduced to stabilize the economy after years of hyperinflation and conflict during the Mobutu era and subsequent wars. The 2007 issue date places it during the transitional period after the formal end of the Second Congo War. The okapi, featured prominently on multiple denominations, serves as a powerful national emblem of Congolese natural heritage. This series was eventually replaced by revised designs starting in 2012-2013 with enhanced security features. P-97A fr,ln KA7293280Q AU Note appears to have light handling with minor edge wear but retains strong color and detail


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  Democratic Republic of the Congo Congolese Franc 50 Francs Fourth series 2007 Banque Centrale du Congo Le Gouverneur: Jean-Claude Masangu Mulongo Carved wooden Congolese mask Fishing village on Congo River indigenous_culture,architecture,transport Traditional carved wooden mask from the Democratic Republic of Congo, representing the rich artistic heritage of Congolese peoples. The elaborate geometric patterns and stylized features are characteristic of Central African ceremonial and ritual masks that play important roles in cultural and spiritual practices. The mask motif has appeared on Congolese currency as a symbol of national identity and cultural continuity since independence, representing the diverse ethnic groups and their traditional arts. A fishing village (un village de pêcheurs) on the banks of the Congo River (au bord du Fleuve Congo), depicting traditional thatched-roof dwellings on stilts and fishermen in dugout canoes. The scene illustrates the traditional riverine lifestyle that has sustained Congolese communities for centuries along the Congo River and its tributaries. The inscription 'MAKUMI TANO' (fifty in Lingala) appears at lower right, acknowledging one of the four national languages of the DRC. Part of the Fourth series of Congolese Franc notes issued from 2007, following the currency's reintroduction in 1997 after the Second Congo War. The 50 Francs denomination was the second-lowest value note in circulation. This series featured traditional cultural motifs and scenes of daily life, moving away from portraits of political leaders. The note was dated 31.07.2007 and remained in circulation until replaced by newer designs in 2013. The use of Lingala alongside French reflects the multilingual nature of the DRC. 97A fr,ln KC1381599Y UNC Uncirculated note with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Democratic Republic of the Congo CDF 50 Francs 2013 Reform Series Banque Centrale du Congo Le Gouverneur: signature present (name illegible from image) Traditional Congolese mask Fishing village on the Congo River indigenous_culture, architecture, agriculture Traditional carved wooden mask from the Democratic Republic of Congo, representing the rich artistic heritage of Congolese peoples. The mask features elaborate geometric patterns and demonstrates the intricate woodcarving traditions that have been central to Central African cultural and spiritual life for centuries. Such masks are used in ceremonies and are recognized globally as masterworks of African art. The Banque Centrale du Congo issued this design as part of the post-2013 currency reform to stabilize the Congolese franc and emphasize national cultural identity. A fishing village along the Congo River (Fleuve Congo), showing traditional thatched-roof huts on stilts and fishing boats. The inscription 'UN VILLAGE DE PÊCHEURS AU BORD DU FLEUVE CONGO' (A fishing village on the banks of the Congo River) identifies the scene. This depicts the traditional riverine lifestyle that sustains many Congolese communities along the world's second-largest river by discharge, emphasizing the importance of fishing and river commerce to the Congolese economy and way of life. The word 'MAKUMI TANO' (meaning 'fifty' in Lingala) appears at lower right. This note belongs to the 2013 Reform Series of Congolese francs, introduced to address chronic inflation and currency instability. The Democratic Republic of Congo redenominated its currency in 1998, removing three zeros, and subsequent series have maintained the franc. This 50-franc denomination dated 04.01.2022 represents the current circulating currency. The design emphasizes Congolese cultural heritage through traditional masks and riverine life, distancing from colonial-era imagery. The bilingual text (French and Lingala) reflects the country's linguistic diversity. 97b fr,ln KF1493396G UNC Appears uncirculated with sharp corners and no visible wear


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  Cook Islands NZD 3 Festival of Pacific Arts Commemorative Issue 1992 Government of the Cook Islands Minister of Finance: Terepai Maoate Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited Ina and the Shark Traditional va'a (outrigger canoe) and carved wooden deity figure mythology,indigenous_culture,commemorative,transport Ina and the Shark, a legendary figure from Cook Islands Polynesian mythology. Ina (also known as Hina) is a moon goddess whose story is central to Pacific Islander oral tradition; in the most famous tale, she transforms into or rides a shark. This note depicts Ina with flowing hair alongside a shark rendered in fine engraving, symbolizing the deep connection between Cook Islanders and the ocean. The $3 denomination is unusual globally and reflects the commemorative nature of this issue. Traditional Polynesian va'a (outrigger canoe) with distinctive double-hull construction and rigging, representing centuries-old seafaring technology that enabled the settlement of the Pacific islands. At right stands a carved wooden deity figure (staff god or atua rakau) characteristic of Cook Islands religious art from the pre-Christian era, with geometric patterns typical of eastern Polynesian carving traditions. Decorative tapa cloth patterns in pink, yellow and purple frame the scene. The inscription commemorates the 6th Festival of Pacific Arts held in Rarotonga in October 1992, a major cultural event celebrating indigenous Pacific art, dance, and traditions. This $3 note was issued as a commemorative for the 6th Festival of Pacific Arts held in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, October 16-27, 1992. The Cook Islands use New Zealand currency for everyday transactions, making special issues like this extremely limited in production and circulation. The unusual $3 denomination has no practical circulation purpose and was intended primarily for collectors and festival attendees. The note was printed by Thomas De La Rue and represents one of the few occasions the Cook Islands government has issued its own banknotes. It was legal tender only briefly during the festival period. The design draws heavily on Cook Islands Maori mythology and traditional crafts, showcasing the cultural heritage celebrated at the Festival of Pacific Arts, a quadrennial event rotating among Pacific nations. 8 en,mi ABB 020394 UNC


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  Croatia HRK 20 Fourth series 2012 Croatian National Bank Governor: Boris Vujčić Giesecke+Devrient Juraj Dobrila Eltz Palace Vukovar statesman,architecture Juraj Dobrila (1812–1882), Croatian bishop, politician, and educator who served as Bishop of Poreč and Pula. A prominent advocate for Croatian language rights and education in Istria during the Austro-Hungarian period, he founded schools, libraries, and the newspaper 'Naša sloga'. The denomination '20' appears centrally with decorative patterns including Croatian checkerboard shield elements, and text 'DVADESET KUNA' (twenty kuna). The note displays the issuer 'HRVATSKA NARODNA BANKA' vertically on the left. Eltz Palace (Dvorac Eltz) in Vukovar, a baroque mansion built in the 18th century that now houses the Vukovar City Museum. The inscription reads 'VUKOVAR DVORAC ELTZ XVIII ST.' (Vukovar Eltz Palace 18th century). Below the building appears a Vučedol dove (Vučedolska golubica), a ceramic vessel from around 2500 BC representing the famous Vučedol culture archaeological site near Vukovar. The inscription notes '2500 GOD. PR. KR.' (2500 years before Christ). The date 'ZAGREB, 9. SRPNJA 2012.' and governor's signature appear on the right. This note belongs to Croatia's fourth currency series, the Croatian kuna, introduced in 1994 to replace the Croatian dinar during the country's post-independence monetary reform. The kuna served as Croatia's currency from 1994 until Croatia adopted the euro on January 1, 2023. The 2012 dated notes represent a later printing within this series. The note features Juraj Dobrila, honoring his contributions to Croatian cultural development in Istria, while the reverse depicts Vukovar, a city of immense symbolic importance due to its suffering during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995). The Vučedol dove represents Croatia's ancient cultural heritage. The kuna was subdivided into 100 lipa. P-40 hr B6481826B VF Visible circulation with some soiling and handling marks throughout; note appears slightly wrinkled


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  Croatia HRK 10 2001–2014 series 2012 Croatian National Bank Guverner: Boris Vujčić Giesecke+Devrient Juraj Dobrila Pula Arena statesman,architecture,religion Juraj Dobrila (1812–1882), Croatian bishop, writer and politician. He was the Bishop of Poreč and Pula from 1857, a prominent advocate for the Croatian national movement in Istria, founder of educational and cultural institutions, and a champion of using Croatian and Slovenian languages in church and education. He established schools, libraries, and agricultural cooperatives, and is remembered as a key figure in the cultural and social awakening of Istria. The front also displays historical coats of arms associated with Croatian regions. The Pula Arena (Amphitheatrum Pola), a Roman amphitheatre built in the 1st century AD in Pula, Istria. It is one of the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world and the best preserved ancient monument in Croatia. The arena could seat approximately 20,000 spectators and was used for gladiatorial contests. The inscription identifies it as 'PULA ARENA: I. ST. POSLIJE KRISTA' (1st century after Christ). A Glagolitic script detail 'MOTOVUN' appears below, referencing another Istrian town. This note belongs to the 2001–2014 Croatian Kuna series issued by the Croatian National Bank. The kuna was introduced in 1994 to replace the Croatian dinar during the post-independence stabilization period. The 2001 series featured prominent Croatian historical figures and cultural landmarks. This 10 kuna note was dated 9 August 2012 (Zagreb, 9. Srpnja 2012). Croatia adopted the euro on 1 January 2023, and kuna banknotes were demonetized on 15 January 2023 after a dual-circulation period. The denomination honors Juraj Dobrila, reflecting Croatia's emphasis on regional identity and cultural heritage, particularly that of Istria. P-38a hr B7392175A VF Moderate circulation wear, some creasing and minor soiling visible, but all details remain clear


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  Croatia HRK 25 First Kuna series 1991 Croatian National Bank Ministar Financija: Ruder Bošković 1711–1787 ZIN Zagreb Ruđer Bošković Zagreb Cathedral scientist,architecture,religion Ruđer Josip Bošković (1711–1787), Croatian physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, and Jesuit priest. He is best known for his atomic theory and his work in astronomy, making contributions to the determination of planetary orbits; he founded the Brera Observatory in Milan and served as the first professor of mathematics at the University of Pavia. His portrait appears alongside a geometric diagram representing his scientific work in optics and astronomy, with the Croatian coat of arms at right. Zagreb Cathedral (Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), the tallest building in Croatia and a prominent Gothic Revival landmark in Zagreb. The cathedral's twin neo-Gothic spires dominate the skyline; originally built in the 11th century, it was substantially reconstructed after the 1880 Zagreb earthquake. The text '25 DVADESET PET HRVATSKIH DINARA' identifies the denomination as twenty-five Croatian dinars, indicating this is from the 1991 transition period. This note belongs to the first Croatian Kuna series issued in 1991 following Croatia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. However, the denomination text reads 'DVADESET PET HRVATSKIH DINARA' (25 Croatian Dinars), indicating this is actually from the brief Croatian Dinar series (October 1991–May 1994) that preceded the Kuna. The Croatian Dinar was introduced to replace the Yugoslav Dinar during the war of independence and suffered significant inflation before being replaced by the Croatian Kuna in 1994 at a rate of 1 Kuna = 1000 Dinars. The Croatian Kuna itself was withdrawn on January 1, 2023, when Croatia adopted the Euro. 30a hr 2230146154 XF Note shows light handling with minor corner wear and slight soiling, but retains good color and detail


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  Croatia Croatian Dinar 100 First Croatian Dinar series 1991 Republic of Croatia Ministar Financija: (signature present) Ruđer Bošković Zagreb Cathedral scientist,architecture,religion Ruđer Bošković (1711–1787), Croatian physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, and Jesuit priest. He is best known for his atomic theory and his work in astronomy and mathematics; he produced a precursor to atomic theory and made significant contributions to the determination of a meridian arc. Bošković was one of the greatest scientists of his era and is celebrated as a national hero in Croatia. The inscription 'STO HRVATSKIH DINARA' (One Hundred Croatian Dinars) appears at bottom, with the Croatian coat of arms (red-and-white checkerboard shield) at upper right. Zagreb Cathedral (Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), the tallest building in Croatia and a symbol of Zagreb. The Gothic-style cathedral was originally constructed in the 13th century, destroyed by the Mongols in 1242, rebuilt, and subsequently modified with Neo-Gothic twin spires added in the late 19th century after an 1880 earthquake. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Zagreb and one of Croatia's most important religious and architectural landmarks. This 100-dinar note belongs to the first Croatian Dinar series issued following Croatian independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. The Croatian dinar was introduced on December 23, 1991, to replace the Yugoslav dinar at par, and served as Croatia's currency during the period of the Croatian War of Independence and early statehood. The series featured prominent Croatian historical figures and landmarks to assert national identity. The dinar was replaced by the Croatian kuna on May 30, 1994, at a rate of 1 kuna = 1,000 dinars, following a period of hyperinflation. The choice of Ruđer Bošković reflected Croatia's emphasis on its scientific and cultural heritage. P-20a hr B3048826 F Note shows circulation wear, multiple stamps/markings, some soiling, and creasing throughout. Overall structural integrity intact but clearly used.


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  Croatia HRK 50 Croatian Kuna series 2002 Croatian National Bank Governor: Željko Rohatinski Giesecke+Devrient Ivan Gundulić Dubrovnik Old Town writer,architecture Ivan Gundulić (1589–1638), the foremost poet of the Croatian Baroque and a central figure of Ragusan literature. His epic poem 'Osman' is considered a masterpiece of Croatian literature, celebrating Slavic resistance against the Ottoman Empire. He spent his entire life in the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) where he held various government positions. The Croatian coat of arms with its distinctive red and white checkerboard (šahovnica) appears at upper left. Panoramic view of the historic Old Town of Dubrovnik, UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The illustration shows the famous city walls, the Adriatic coastline, and the Rector's Palace in the foreground. Dubrovnik was the capital of the Republic of Ragusa, an independent maritime republic from 1358 to 1808, and Gundulić's birthplace and home. The text 'DUBROVNIK' identifies the location. Designer credits appear on the left margin: M.S. Guttag and V. Žiljak. The Croatian kuna was introduced on 30 May 1994, replacing the Croatian dinar at a rate of 1 kuna = 1000 dinars. This 50 kuna note dated 7 March 2002 (Zagreb, 7. ožujka 2002) was signed by Governor Željko Rohatinski who served from 2000 to 2012. The kuna circulated until Croatia adopted the euro on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th eurozone member. The name 'kuna' derives from the marten, whose pelts were used as a form of currency in medieval Croatia. P-40a hr A2499038P UNC Appears uncirculated with crisp paper and sharp corners, minimal handling visible


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  Croatia HRK 1 Croatian Dinar series 1991 Republic of Croatia Ministry of Finance Ministar Financija Ruđer Bošković Zagreb Cathedral scientist,architecture,religion Ruđer Josip Bošković (1711–1787), Croatian physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, theologian, and Jesuit priest. He is best known for his atomic theory and his work in astronomy and optics; he served as director of optics for the French Navy and was a member of learned societies across Europe. His portrait is accompanied by geometric diagrams representing his scientific work, including orbital mechanics and astronomical calculations. The note displays 'REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA' vertically on the left, the Croatian coat of arms (checkerboard shield) at upper right, and the denomination '1 JEDAN HRVATSKI DINAR' below the portrait. Zagreb Cathedral (Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), the tallest building in Croatia and the most monumental sacral structure in neo-Gothic style southeast of the Alps. The twin spires, standing at 105 meters, are shown with the cathedral's ornate Gothic revival façade. Construction began in the 13th century; the building was extensively rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Hermann Bollé after the 1880 Zagreb earthquake. The reverse includes decorative geometric patterns and the text 'REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA' vertically along the right edge, with 'ZAGREB 8. LISTOPADA 1991' (Zagreb, October 8, 1991) along the left margin. The Croatian Dinar was the first currency of independent Croatia, issued from 1991 to 1994 following the country's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. This 1 dinar note was part of the initial series dated October 8, 1991, designed to replace the Yugoslav dinar during the Croatian War of Independence. The series featured prominent Croatian historical figures and national landmarks to assert national identity. Due to hyperinflation, the Croatian Dinar was replaced by the Croatian Kuna on May 30, 1994, at a rate of 1 kuna = 1,000 dinars. The series is notable for its modest design and simple security features, reflecting the urgent economic circumstances of its issuance. P-16 hr I4254348 VF


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  Croatia HRK 1000 Independent State of Croatia issue 1941 Ministry of National Economy of the Independent State of Croatia Minister: Lovro Šušić State Printing Works Young Croatian woman in traditional dress Stylized landscape motif indigenous_culture,commemorative Portrait of a young Croatian woman in traditional folk costume, representing the national identity of the newly-established Independent State of Croatia (NDH). This note was issued under the Ustaša puppet regime during World War II (1941–1945) and bears the inscription 'NEZAVISNA DRŽAVA HRVATSKA' (Independent State of Croatia) along with 'TISUĆU KUNA' (One Thousand Kuna). The text 'ZAGREB 20. SVIBNJA 1941' dates the issue to May 20, 1941, shortly after the establishment of the NDH. The inscription 'MINISTAR NARODNOG GOSPODARSTVA' indicates issuance by the Minister of National Economy. Stylized landscape with decorative guilloche patterns and ornamental borders. The text 'NEZAVISNA DRŽAVA HRVATSKA' (Independent State of Croatia) appears in an arc above the denomination '1000 KUNA'. The design emphasizes national symbolism through traditional decorative motifs. This 1000 Kuna note was issued by the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), a puppet state established by the Axis powers in April 1941 following the invasion of Yugoslavia. The NDH introduced the Kuna as its currency, reviving a historical Croatian monetary unit. These notes circulated from 1941 until the collapse of the NDH in May 1945, when Yugoslavia was reunified and the Yugoslav Dinar was restored. The series is historically significant but controversial due to the regime that issued it. Notes from this period are collected primarily for their historical interest and are relatively scarce today. P-3 hr B0596578 F Note shows significant circulation with multiple folds, staining, and edge wear. Paper remains intact with no major tears.


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  Croatia HRK 1 First Dinar series 1991 Republic of Croatia Ministar Financija Ruđer Bošković Zagreb Cathedral scientist,architecture,religion Ruđer Josip Bošković (1711–1787), Croatian Jesuit priest, physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, and polymath. One of the most prominent scientists of his time, he made fundamental contributions to physics with his atomic theory, worked in astronomy and geodesy, and is celebrated as a key figure of Croatian science. His dates appear as '17.III-1787' on the note. Geometric designs incorporating mathematical diagrams and astronomical symbols reference his scientific achievements. Zagreb Cathedral (Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), the tallest building in Croatia and a landmark of Zagreb. Originally constructed in the 13th century, it was rebuilt in neo-Gothic style after the 1880 earthquake. The twin spires are depicted at center, with architectural details showing the cathedral's distinctive Gothic Revival façade designed by Hermann Bollé. First Dinar series of independent Croatia, issued 1991–1994 following Croatia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. The Croatian Dinar replaced the Yugoslav Dinar at par and was intended as a transitional currency during the Croatian War of Independence. This series featured Croatian cultural and scientific figures. Hyperinflation led to its replacement by the Croatian Kuna on 30 May 1994. The 1 Dinar was the lowest denomination of this series. P-16 hr H6349496 XF Note shows light circulation with minor handling marks, some slight creasing visible but retains most original detail and color.


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  Cuba CUP 5 Peso Convertible series 2013 Banco Central de Cuba Presidente del Banco: [signature present, name illegible] Protesta de Baraguá military,commemorative,statesman The Monumento a Antonio Maceo in Havana, a memorial to Antonio Maceo Grajales (1845–1896), one of the most prominent Cuban independence leaders and military strategists during the Ten Years' War and the War of Independence. The monument honours his role in the Protesta de Baraguá (Baraguá Protest) of March 15, 1878, when Maceo refused to accept the Pact of Zanjón that ended the Ten Years' War without achieving Cuban independence. The note prominently features 'pesos convertibles', indicating this is a Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC) note from the dual-currency system that operated 1994–2021. The Protesta de Baraguá (Baraguá Protest) scene depicting Antonio Maceo and independence fighters refusing the Pact of Zanjón in 1878. This historical episode represents Cuban revolutionary determination and Maceo's uncompromising stance on independence from Spain. The scene shows Maceo with armed insurgents and the Cuban flag, symbolizing continued resistance. The text 'PROTESTA DE BARAGUA' explicitly identifies the subject. This note belongs to the Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC) series introduced in 2013. The CUC was part of Cuba's dual-currency system (1994–2021), initially pegged 1:1 to the US dollar and used alongside the Cuban Peso (CUP). The convertible peso was gradually withdrawn starting in 2020 and fully demonetized by 2021 as Cuba moved to currency unification. The 5 CUC denomination honors Antonio Maceo and the Protesta de Baraguá, a pivotal moment in Cuban independence history. The series features revolutionary and independence heroes, consistent with Cuban numismatic tradition of commemorating national liberation struggles. FX48 es CH02 719704 VF Circulated note with visible handling, minor soiling and wear consistent with VF grade. All major design elements clear and intact.


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  Cyprus CYP 5 1997 Series Central Bank of Cyprus Governor: unidentified; Director: unidentified Aphrodite Panagia Angeloktisti Church mythology,architecture,religion Head of Aphrodite from a 1st century BCE marble sculpture discovered at Soli archaeological site in Cyprus. Aphrodite, ancient Greek goddess of love and beauty, was particularly venerated in Cyprus where legend placed her birth from sea foam at Paphos. The marble head is one of the most celebrated archaeological finds from Cyprus and has become an iconic symbol of Cypriot cultural heritage. The note features the coat of arms of Cyprus (dove over olive branches) and bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Turkish. Panagia Angeloktisti ("Built by Angels") Church in Kiti village near Larnaca, an 11th-century Byzantine church built over the ruins of an earlier 6th-century basilica. The church is renowned for its exceptionally well-preserved 6th-century mosaic of the Virgin Mary and Child in the apse, one of the finest examples of early Byzantine mosaic art in Cyprus. The building features characteristic Byzantine domes and a later-added Latin bell tower, reflecting Cyprus's complex religious and cultural history. This note belongs to the 1997 series of Cyprus pounds issued by the Central Bank of Cyprus, the final series before Cyprus adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. The Cyprus pound (divided into 100 cents) had been the island's currency since 1879 under British rule, continuing after independence in 1960. This series featured archaeological and architectural heritage of Cyprus, emphasizing the island's ancient Greek cultural connections and its Byzantine Christian legacy. The bilingual Greek-Turkish inscriptions reflected the Republic of Cyprus's constitutional recognition of both communities, though the series was issued during the post-1974 division. All Cyprus pound notes were exchangeable until 31 December 2009 and demonetized on 31 January 2010. P-62 el,tr,en F479454 VF Visible center fold, light soiling and handling marks, corners slightly worn


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  Cyprus CYP 1 Pound 1997 Issue 1997 Central Bank of Cyprus Director: signature visible Cypriot woman in traditional costume Traditional Cypriot pottery and village scene indigenous_culture,agriculture,architecture A Cypriot woman in traditional folk costume with elaborate embroidered dress and jewelry, representing the island's cultural heritage. The design incorporates the coat of arms of Cyprus (featuring a copper-colored dove, Cyprus being historically famous for copper mining) and geometric patterns from traditional Cypriot textiles. The date 1.2.1997 marks this specific issue within the 1997 series. Traditional Cypriot pottery including decorated ceramic vessels and jugs, displayed alongside lefkaritika (Lefkara lace) patterns and a view of a traditional Cypriot village with characteristic stone architecture. The pottery and lace represent two of Cyprus's most celebrated handicraft traditions, while the village scene evokes the rural heritage of the island. This note belongs to the 1997 issue series of the Cyprus pound, which was the final series issued before Cyprus adopted the euro in 2008. The Cyprus pound had been the island's currency since 1879 under British administration and remained so after independence in 1960. All Cyprus pound banknotes were withdrawn from circulation on January 31, 2008, when Cyprus became the 13th country to adopt the euro. The 1997 series emphasized Cypriot cultural heritage through depictions of traditional costumes, crafts, and village life. P-60c el,tr,en F774200 UNC Crisp uncirculated note with excellent centering and no visible handling marks


